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jMICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHARTNATIONAL BUR[AU Of STANOARDS-1%3-A

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I /~t MR 83-4

Reevaluation of Vegetational Characteristics

at the CERC Field Research Facility,Duck, North Carolina

by

Richard 1. Harris, Gerald F. Levy, and James E. Perry

MISCELLANEOUS REPORT NO. 83-4

MARCH 1983

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Reprint or republication of any of this materialshall give appropriate credit to the U.S. Army CoastalEngineering Research Center.F. ' Limited free distribution within the United Statesof single copies of this publication has been made bythis Center. Additional copies are available from:

V.ational Techznical Infor'mation qerr'ieATTN: Operations Div'ision5285 Port Royal RoadS1pringfield, Virginia 22161

Contents of this report are not to be used foradvertising, publication, or promotional purposes.Citation of trade names does not constitute an officialendorsement or approval of the use of such commercialproducts.

The findings in this report are not to be construedas an official Department of the Army position unlessso designated by other authorized documents.

UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THqIS PAGE (WhenI Date EIIWn__________________

I. REORT "NDER2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. S. RECIPIENT"S CATALOG NUMBER

REEVALUATION OF VEGETATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Miscellaneous ReportAT THE CERC FIELD RESEARCH FACILITY, DUCK, SPERFORMING OHG. REPORT NUMBERNORTH CAROLINA

7. AUTNOR(s) I.CONTRACT OR GRANT NUM91teI.

Richard L. HarrisGerald F. Levy DACW72-81-C-00James E. Perry______________

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS t0. PWGRLMNTPRJET TASKPEER Consultants, Inc. A As.RK UNIT NU"NER

1160 Rockville Pike, Suite 202 G13* Rockville, MD 20852

It. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE*Department of the Army March 1983

Coastal Engineering Research Center 13. NUMONER OF PAGESFort Belvoir, VA 22060 127

14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME G ADDRIESS(if 01ni I~mi ber Codlmfflng Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of Able TWWQt

UNCLASSIFIEDIg. DECL ASSI FICATION/DOWNGRADING

SCULF

to. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this. Report)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

17. DISTRISUTION STATEMENT (of the abeireet entered I bloek 2 if dlifferent fheem Report)

IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

19. KEY WORDS (Contimma oun reveres side if neeeeliy md Idorltify by block rninbeir)

Coastal dunes PhytosociologyField Research Facility Plant ecologyFloristics TaxonomyMarshes Vegetation

2L. AIITIIACT (Vmeu ma seveMe ebb Nevse ol fdaMtr blocek auinbei)

-->A vegetative study of the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center'sField Research Facility at Duck, North Carolina, was undertaken from May toDecember 1981 to determine and document natural or manmade changes whichoccurred since Levy's (1976) original study. For four seasonal samplingperiods (May, July, September, November), his procedures were replicated andhis permanent quadrats reestablished and napped. A vegetation map of thearea was prepared using aerial infrared photos and ground-truth surveys.

(continued)

DO ,~~P W3 EDITON F 'OV OIS USOETEUNCLASSIFIED

SECURIY CLASSIFICATION OP TIO PAGE (Mme Date 3.Ieere

UNCLASSIFIEDSECURIY CLASSIFICATION OP THIS PA69Mlsin Daoa Enewi

Fourteen different plant communities were delimited. Stratified random sam-

pling produced frequency and biomass data for 12 communities and frequency and

density data for the 2 shrub communities. Biomass data were obtained using

the clip quadrat method. The distinctiveness of the foredune, sandgrass,

sandgrass-buttonweed, sound-side disturbed-shrub, and sound-side shrub communi-

ties was borne out by the ordination techniques. The interdunal marsh, low

dune grass, planted bitter panicum-planted American beachgrass, and roadside

disturbed communities showed a strong similarity in all three ordinationperspectives. The most visible change that had occurred since Levy's (1976)

original study was the homogeneous mixing and expansion of the planted bitterpanicum and planted American beachgrass communities. Floristic collectionsmade throughout the study revealed a flora of approximately 180 species and

151 genera, representing 58 families.f'

2 UNCLASSIFIED

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGMo~IWn Date Bnt.Eo)

' l

PREFACE

This report is published to provide coastal engineers with adocumentation of the vegetative changes at the Field Research Facility (FRF)at Duck, North Carolina, since Dr. Gerald Levy's vegetation survey in 1975(Levy, 1976). The work was carried out under the U.S. Army CoastalEngineering Research Center's (CERC) Effects of Construction and Operationsof Field Research Facility Work Unit, Environmental Impact Program, Environ-mental Quality Area of Civil Works Research and Development.

The report was prepared by Richard L. Harris, Gerald F. Le , and JamesE. Perry of PEER Consultants, Inc. under CERC Contract No. DACW72-81-C-0010.

S The authors express appreciation to Dr. D. Sonenshine for hisinvaluable assistance with the aerial photography. The cooperation of C.Mason and his staff at FRF is gratefully acknowledged.

A. K. Hurme was the CERC Technical Advisor for this contract under thegeneral supervision of E. J. Pullen, Chief, Coastal Ecology Branch, and Mr.R. P. Savage, Chief, Research Division.

Technical Director of CERC was Dr. Robert W. Whalin, P.E.

Comments on this publication are invited.

Approved for publication in accordance with Public Law 166, 79thCongress, approved 31 July 1945, as supplemented by Public Law 172, 88thCongress, approved 7 November 1963.

TED E. BISHOPColonel, Corps of EngineersCommander and Director. ......-

fii

i '1

CONTENTS

PageCONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI) .... ........ 5

I INTRODUCTION ............. ........................... 7

II PROCEDURE .............. ........................... 81. Floristics ............ ......................... 82. Vegetational Studies .......... .................... 8

III RESULTS ............ ............................. ... 121. Floristics .......... ......................... ... 122. Vegetational Studies ....... .................... ... 12

IV DISCUSSION ........... ............................ ... 281. Floristics .......... ......................... ... 282. Vegetational Studies ....... .................... ... 293. Comparative Vegetational Analysis: Levy (1976)

versus Present Study ....... .................... ... 33

V SUMMARY .. .. ............. .............. 34

LITERATURE CITED .......... ......................... ... 35

APPENDIXA PERMANENT QUADRAT LOCATIONS ....... ................... ... 37

B PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DATA ........ ...................... ... 40

C VEGETATIVE PATTERNS ........ ....................... .... 65

TABLES

I Number of quadrats sampled per community ...... ................ . i. 11

2 CERC Field Research Facility floristics list ..... .............. ... 13

3 Species found during Levy (1976) study, but not duringthis (1981) study .......... ........................... .... 18

4 Biomass per community, by collecting period ..... ............... ... 21

5 Summary of community types at the CERC Field Research Facilitywith approximate acreage ......... ........................ ... 24

FIGURES

1 Location of the CERC Field Research Facility, Duck,North Carolina (Levy, 1976) ......... ...................... 9

2 Vegetation ap of the CERC Field Research Facility (this study) ..... 223 Vegetatiou map of the CERC Field Research Facility (Levy, 1976) ....... 23

4 Ordination of plant communities at the CERC Field Research Facilityshoving the x and y axes perspective ...... .................. ... 25

5 Ordination of plant communities at the CERC Field Research Facilityshowing the x and z axes perspective ...... .................. ... 26

6 Ordination of plant communities at the CERC Field Research Facilityshowing the y and z axes perspective ...... .................. ... 27

; 4

CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

U.S. customary units of measurement used in this report can be converted to

metric (SI) units as follows:

Multiply by To obtain

inches 25.4 millimeters2.54 centimeters

square inches 6.452 square centimeters

cubic inches 16.39 cubic centimetersFfeet 30.48 centimeters0.3048 meters

square feet 0.0929 square meterscubic feet 0.0283 cubic meters

yards 0.9144 meterssquare yards 0.836 square meterscubic yards 0.7646 cubic meters

miles 1.6093 kilometers

square miles 259.0 hectares

knots 1.852 kilometers per hour

acres 0.4047 hectares

foot-pounds 1.3558 newton meters

millibars 1.0197 x 103kilograms per square centimeter

ounces 28.35 grams

pounds 453.6 grams0.4536 kilograms

ton, long 1.0160 metric tons

ton, short 0.9072 metric tons

degrees (angle) 0.01745 radians

Fahrenheit degrees 5/9 Celsius degrees or Kelvinsi

11 obtain Celsius (C) temperature readings from Fahrenheit (F) readings,

use formula: C - (5/9) (F -32).To obtain Kelvin (K) readings, use formula: K (5/9) (F -32) + 273.15.

REEVALUATION OF VEGETATIONAL CHARACTERISTICSAT THE CERC FIELD RESEARCH FACILITY,

DUCK, NORTH CAROLINA

by

Richard L. Harris, Gerald F. Levy, and James E. Perry

PEER Consultants, Inc.

[1. INTRODUCTION

The islands of the Outer Banks of North Carolina are continuallysubjected to the dynamic processes of longshore currents, tides, and wave

and wind action. As a result, shorelines and coastal dunes undergo constantchanges that affect the natural ecology of the entire barrier island system.The natural processes responsible for the evolution of the barrier islandshave been described by Oosting and Billings (1942), Dolan, Godfrey, and Odum

(1973), Godfrey and Godfrey (1976), and Dolan, et al. (1979). Leatherman

(1979a, b, c) has proposed an alternate hypothesis on the minimal effect

barrier dunes appear to have on the long-term geologic process of landwardbarrier island migration. The diverse vegetational communities on the Outer

Banks include maritime shrubs, forests, grasslands, and complex dunesystems. This floral diversity occurs because of an overlap of northern and

southern coastal species in North Carolina (Hosier and Cleary, 1979). Localfactors such as salinity, nutrient availability, soil moisture and stability

also contribute to the vegetative composition and distribution (Wells, 1928;

Oosting and Billings, 1942; Godfrey and Godfrey, 1976).

The complex distribution of vegetation on the Outer Banks includes anocean beach community, a foredune community, a migrating dune community in

areas of excessive sand drift, sandflat communities, and arborescentcommunities of shrubs and trees (Levy, 1976). Each of these plant

communities is subject to an array of environmental forces characteristic of

the Outer Banks and plays a potential role in the formation and internalgeometry of the coastal sand dunes (Goldsmith, 1973).

Before the construction of the Coastal Engineering Research Center's

(CERC) Field Research Facility (FRF).at Duck, North Carolina, a vegetation

study was undertaken between March 1974 and June 1975 by Levy (1976). The

area studied is located on Currituck Bank between the Virginia-North

Carolina border at Duck, North Carolina, and southward to Nags Head. Itincludes the FRF with a 549-meter-long (1,800-foot) pier, a laboratory

building, and 71 hectares (175 acres) of government land. The location of

the study area is shown in Figure 1. Environmental characteristics of the

area have been described by Levy (1976) and Birkemeier, et al. (1981). To

determine and document natural or manmade changes which might have occurred

since Levy's (1976) original study, this study replicated his procedures and

reestablished his quadrats. The objectives were to characterize plant commu-

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nities, produce vegetational maps, and assess relationships between communi-

ties. By comparing results with those from Levy (1976), the development and

change in importance of delimited vegetative communities over a span of 6 to

7 years since the construction of the FRF can be assessed.

II. PROCEDURE

1. Floristics.

Plant collections were made frequently throughout the period May

through December 1981. Diagnostically mature specimens were collected in

* duplicate, identified, mounted, and labeled (Radford, Ahles, and Bell,

1968). Labeling information included the collection location, date, common

associated species, and a brief habitat description. The plant collections

have been deposited at CERC.

2. Vegetational Studies.

The objectives of this study were to (a) delimit and characterize the

number and diversity of the plant communities that occurred in the study

area, (b) determine various phytosociological parameters of these

communities through randomized sampling procedures and seasonally sampletheir standing crop, (c) produce an accurate vegetational map of the studyarea, (d) characterize the relationships between the delimited communities,(e) relocate and map the representative series of permanent quadrats

established by Levy (1976), and (f) determine and evaluate any changes whichmight have occurred since Levy's (1976) original study.

a. Plant Community Identifications. After an intensive review of

previous work on the study site (Levy, 1976), the study area was traversed

extensively to determine its vegetational diversity. An east-west base line

was set up, with a transit and stadia rod, along the southern boundary ofthe study area. Nine 820-meter-long (approximately 2,700-foot) north-south

* transects were established from this base line at 91-meter (300-foot) inter-vals and traversed. Vegetational descriptions were made along these

transects, with each vegetation type tested for homogeneity using the chi-

* square statistic (Curtis and McIntosh, 1951; Sokal and Rohlf, 1969). Twelvedistinct community types were initially defined; as seasonal plant growth

progressed, two additional community types were recognized and added.

b. Community Sampling. The subjective community identifications

verified observations made before the initiation of this investigation. Three

8

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Figure 1. Location of the CERC Field Research Facility,Duck, North Carolina (Levy, 1976).

physiognomically distinct vegetational types were identified: (1) areasdominated by grasses and forbs, (2) areas dominated by shrubs, and (3)areas dominated by young trees.

Quadrats were selected, using a stratified random method, to measureplant species occurrence and abundance. Previous experience with similarvegetational types has demonstrated that 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter square

quadrats arranged in a stratified random manner produce statistically validresults in grass-dominated and forb-dominated vegetation (Levy, 1970,1976). The use of 16 square-meter (4.5-meter-diameter circular) quadrats in

r shrubby vegetation and in areas dominated by shrubs and small trees alsoproduces valid results.

A running mean analysis of the dominant species in each community(Oosting, 1956; Levy, 1976) was used to determine the number of plotsrequired for a statistically adequate sample; the mean obtained for thedominant species in the first sample quadrat was plotted against the mean ofplots 1 and 2, plots 1, 2, and 3, etc. A sufficient number of plots weresampled when the regression line generated by this procedure varied no morethan 10 percent from previously obtained mean values for the population. Amininum of 5 plots were sampled in the shrub-tree and shrub-dominated com-munities and 20 in the grass-dominated communities for two or three dominantspecies in each community prior to running mean analyses. Enough sampleswere obtained to ensure adequate sampling of all dominant species, butrarer species (those with low frequency of occurrence in the sample plots)may have been inadequately sampled.

Table I shows the number of quadrats required for an adequate sample in

both this study and Levy (1976), the community types common to both studies,and the communities newly described in this investigation.

Quadrat frequency and species' standing crop data were collected forali communities except the sound-side and oceanside shrub communities. Forthe latter, frequency for all woody species and rooted stem density weredetermined. Standing crop was determined in grams of aboveground ovendriedlive tissue. Only aboveground parts were removed to avoid excessivedisturbance to the area. Each quadrat was clipped, separated by species,and individual species ovendried to constant weight at 1050 Celsius.Quadrat sampling dates were within a 1-week period of the following dates:25 May, 20 July, 12 September, 6 November 1981. Ten 16 square-meter (4.5-meter-diameter circular) quadrats and 1,760 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadratswere examined and clipped.

c. Vegetational Mapping. Three overflights of the study area weremade in June, September, and November 1981 to obtain seasonal coverage.Infrared aerial photos, taken using a Canon AE-1 35-millimeter camera with apolarizing filter and Ektachrome IE 135-20 color infrared sensitive film,were used in conjunction with ground-truth data from the previouslydescribed transect and quadrat data to produce a vegetative map of thestudy area with better than 90 percent accuracy.

d. Ordination of Stands. Twelve comunity types were arranged in anordination model according to the method of Bray and Curtis (1957). In thismethod each community's frequency values were summed. Each individual

10

Table 1. Number of quadrats sampled per community.

* Community quadrats (this study) quadrats (Levy, 1976)

Foredune 30 39

Oceanside intershrub 65 51

Planted bitter panicum 80 73

Sandgrass-buttonweed 55 30

Sound-side disturbed-

herbaceous 35 --

Sound-side disturbed-shrub .45 37

Roadside disturbed 40 --

Low dune grass 35 45

Sound-side shrub 5 5

Oceanside shrub 5 5

Interdunal marsh 20 --

Sandgrass 30

Bulrush wetlands 20

Reed wetlands 20 20

Spurge-sandgrass -- 20

II

species frequency in the community was divided by the total for all species

and the result multiplied by 100 to yield relative frequency expressed as apercentage. The relative frequency values were then used to compare thespecies composition of each comnunity with the other communities, using theIndex of Similarity (IS), IS - 2w/(a + b) (Bray and Curtis, 1957). The ISvalues were then subtracted from 100 to yield the Index of Dissimilarity(ID), ID - 100 -IS, and used to locate the communities along an axis bymeans of Beals' (1960) adaptation of the Pythagorean Theorem, x - (L 2 +(dA)2 - (dB) 2 )/2L, and the technique of Bray and Curtis (1957). The modi-fied standard axis extraction technique of Levy (1976) was employed. Levy's(1976) procedure for axis extraction is to sum the ID values for each vege-

tational unit. The stand with the highest sum is deemed the end of an axis;the opposite end of this axis is the stand least like it (i.e., having the

highest ID in relation to the stand with the highest sum). The units arerepresented as points separated by a scale distance equal to the ID value.All other points are then located between the end points.

e. Permanent Quadrats. Three 5-meter x 5-meter quadrats were

reestablished in each of Levy's (1976) nine defined communities, one in hiswetlands community and one in the spurge-sandgrass community. The locationsof the quadrat markers were determined by measuring the direction anddistance from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) survey markers,following the procedure of Levy (1976). In addition, a permanent quadratwas established in the following newly recognized coimmunities: sound-sidedisturbed-herbaceous, bulrush wetlands, reed wetlands, interdunal marsh,roadside disturbed, and sandgrass. Oceanside shrub permanent quadrat 3 had

to be relocated as this site is now occupied by the FRF. The new locationwas chosen to best represent the conditions that would have been expected to

exist at the original location had construction not occurred. The permanentquadrat marker established for the roadside disturbed comunity has recentlybeen destroyed by new construction subsequent to the completion of field

activities. Vegetative patterns, grass composition, and percent groundcover were analyzed, mapped, and compared to Levy's (1976) results.

Permanent quadrat locations are listed in Appendix A.

III. RESULTS1. Floristics.

The flora was composed of approximately 180 species and 151 genera,

representing 58 families. Levy (1976) identified approximately 178 speciesand 132 genera, representing 58 families. The list of species collected ispresented in Table 2, with asterisks indicating the species not found byLevy (1976). Species found during Levy's (1976) study but not during the

present study are shown in Table 3.


a. Phytosociology. Studies indicated that 14 community types can bedelimited. Physiognomically, communities fell into three broad dominantcategories: (1) grasses and forbs, (2) shrubs, and (3) small trees. Thefirst category included communities on dry sites, which were designated theforedune, low dune, oceanside intershrub, planted bitter panicum, roadsidedisturbed, sandgrass-buttonweed, sound-side disturbed-herbaceous, and sand-

12

Table 2. CERC Field Research Facility floriatics list.

Family and Species Common Name

Al isuataceae,**Sagittaria falcata Pursh. Arrowhead

AsranthaceacAltemnthera phitoxeroidee

(Martius) GrIsebach Alligator weed*AJmathus c01Gabiue

(L.) J. D. Sauer Water-hemp

AnacardinaceaeRhua copaZlina L. Winged sumacR. radicane L. Poison ivy

ApiaceapCent. tla aoiatica (L.) Urban

*Cct mclt L. Water hemlockfryngian aquaticwi L. Eryngoflydrocotiile umbeZlata L. Water-pennywort*H. tvertiaiZlata var. vertictZZata

Thunberg Wa ter-pennywor tLilaeopsis caro: -ensis C. & R.*L. chinenes (L.) Kuntze

Sizm suave L. Water-parsnip

Aqui fol iaceaelex opaca Aiton American holly

r. tvcmitoria Aiton Yaupon

AsclepiadaceaeCAsclep jae incawnata var. pulchra

(Wilid.) Woodson Swamp milkweed

AsteraceceAchiZ Zea miZlifoizm L. Common yarrowAmbrosia artemiaiifolia L. RagweedCArtemieia Zudoviciana Nuttal. Dusty millerVoeter vimineuo Lan. AsterBaccivivie halimifolia L. Croundsel tree

*Ridepw bipinnata L. Beggar Ticks08. Zaevia (L.) BSP. Beggar TickstRoltonia aeteroide (L.) L'iier. Doltoniaf*oreopais grandifZra HoggEctipta alba (L.) Rtasekar Yerba-de-tago2'rigeron canade),aje var. pusiZtus

(Nuttall) Ahles Horseweed*E. quercifoliua La. Oak leaf asterAftupatorium i erotinum Michaux Mist flower'I *E. hijaeopifoZium L. Thoroughwartit. rotundifotium L. ThoroughwartR. aevtinuma Michaux ThoroughwartGnaphrzlia obtusifoZium L. Rabbit tobaccoVteleIium aflO2'W (Ref.) Rock Bitter-weedVR. autw,!fle L. Marsh sneeze-wedIReterotheaa goseipina (Michaux)Shinners'Pnevosa (Wilid.) Shinners

)iaraoium gronovii L. Hawk-wedtt'a imbriciata Walter Seashore elderIKrigia virginica (L.) Wilid. Dwarf dandelionZaotuca canadmneje L. Wild lettuceMikania ecandene (L.) Wilid. Climbing heupwedPluohea foetida (L.) DC. Marsh fleabaneP. pwrpuzaseens (Swatz) DC. Saltaarsh fleabane

13

Table 2. CERC Field Research facility floristics list-Continued.

Family and Species Coon Name

Asteracese (continued)Pyrrhopappua aro linana var.

car-Olrniani (Walter) DC. False dandelionSolidago anpervirene L. Seaside goldenrodS. tenulifOlia Purab. Narrow leaf goldenrod*Sonchue asper (L.) Hill. Sow-thistle*Veronia noveborecenaja L.

Betlamcese

empaiina cirtni ee . Jewpel-reed

*A~ns srruata(Alon)Wild Wi ldrs

Cactoacese

Opunia edenpreaa (Saglsbuoory)a oce

Macbride Prickly pear0. drwwondii Graham Fragile prickly pear

Campanulacese

Lobelia elongata Suall Harsh lobeliaSpecukaria perfoliezta (L.) A.D.C. Venus' looking glass

Caprifol jaceae

*Lonioera japonica var. chineneiaL. japonica var. japonica Thunberg Japanese honeysuckleL. sanpervirene L. Coral honeysuckle

Chenopodiacese*Atriplex arenaria Nuttall Seabeach orach*Chenopodiwn albmo L. Laub's-quarters,

p igweedC. =nbrosioides L. Mexican tea

*Suaeda Zineoaria (Ell.) Moq.

ConvolvulaceaeCalijategia aepiwn (L.) R. Brown Hedge bindweed*Dconr carolinense ~Iichaux

CornaceseCormsa florida L. Flowering dogwood

Cucurbi taceNelothria pendula L. Creeping cucumber

Cyperacea*

Carex alata Torrey SedgeCjuperue has pan L.C. stvigoeue L.001ahiaen aolorata (L.) HitchcockE'teooharis obtusa (Willd.) Schulte@ Spike rush

imbirietyZis apadicea (L.) Vahi. Sand rushPuipna squaa-rosa Nichaux Umbrella grassSairpue amei w'je Persooi Chair maker's rush

* IS. Vatidus Vahi. Bulrush

14

Table 2. CEIC Field Research Facility floristic$ list-Continued.

Family and Specias Comon Name

EbenacesDioapyroe virginiana L.. Persimamon

EuphorbiaceaeCroton glandulooa var.spteltriowaia ruell. Arg. Croton

Euzphorbia pol~jgonifoZia L.Beach spurge~* sun Raf. Spurge

Fabaceae

Apios wnericana Medicus Ground peanut

Casaia faeaicutai Michaux Partridge peaAC. nictitan8 L. Partridge peateamodiwn strictum (Pursh) Beggar liceLespideza capitata Michaux Bush clover

L. Ouneata (Dumont) G. Don

*Rhynchosi4 diffaorf i8 (Ell.) DC.strophoetjles hloZa (L.) Ell. Wild beanfIrifoZiwm arvenae L. Rabbit's foot clover*'/icia daasjcarpa Tenore Vetch

Fagaceae

Quercue t'irginiana Miller. Live oak

Gentiansceae

sabatia dodecandra (L.) B.S.P. Sea pink

Geraniaceae*G4eraniw? cOaroZilta2l?4f Carolina cranesbill

Hyper icaceej Hypericme gentianoidee (L.) B.S.P. St. John's wortW. hypericoides (L.) Crantz St. John's wort

*H. :xZterj Gmelin St. John's wort

Ir idacee*Sie~yinchizan ouronatwn var.

atlanttim Blue-eyed grass

JuncaceaeJu72c74 coriOace14 Mackenzie RushJ. megacephalua M. A. Curtis Rush

J. roemerianue Scheele Black needle rush

.uncaginaceaeTriglochin stz'iata R. & P. Arrow grass

Lamiaceae

*Lyjcopus euaopaeua L. Water horehound

AMoard2 punctata L. Horacuint

Salvia iijrata L. Sage

LauraceaePersen borbonia (L.) Sprengel. Red bay

*Sasaaa albid'm~ (Nuttall) Nees Sassafras

Liliacese*AtZiwn t'ineate L. Wild garlic

9,iiZo= bona-nox L.. Greenbrier

Linaceae

Linw virginianwn var. mediwnPlanchon Fa

15

Table 2. CgIC Field Research Facility floristics llst-Continued.

Family and Species Comon Name

/ LythraceaeLythr lineare L. Svap loosestrife

Hagnol iaceae*MagnoZia virginiana L. Sweet bay

MalvaceaeKoe.Zletkya virginica Seashore mallov,

(L.) Pres. swamp mallow

Melastomstaceae*Rhexia mnriiana L. Meadow-beauty

Hyricacece* Vyrica cerifera var. cerifera L. Wax myrtle

Onagraceae*Ludiigia aZata Ell. W. - r-priuroseOenothera frticoea L. drops0. hisniflsa Nuttall Evening primrose

OrchidaceaeSpiranthee cernua ver. odorata Nodding ladies'

(Nuttall) Correll. tressesPassiflorarese

*PassifZora lutea L. Passion-flower

PhytolacaceatPOytoZaca americana L. Pokeweed

PlantaginaceaeePlantao arietata Hichaux Plantain

P. laneolata L. Narrow leaf plantain

PoeceseAmnophiZia breviligulata Fernald American beachgrassAndropogon eZiottii Chapman Broom strawA. virginicue L. Broom strawCenchrua tibtuloideas L, SandspursDigitazria sp.Echinochloa iialteri (Pursh) Keller Walter's barnyard grassFymuzd Virginicus L. Wild rye grassEragroetia elliotti Love grassEArianthua giganteus (Walt.) Muhl. Beard grass

*Faetuoa ejatior L. FescueLolitan muZtiflom~n Lam.Panimce a,, Ell. Bitter panicum, panic

grassP. dichotomm L. Panic grassP. ftAs'ifoe Hitchcock Panic grassP. v ugatw" L. Panic grass

*Phragmitee co'wmunia L. Tell reed C

Polypogon sp. Rabbit foor grassSaeciolepis striata (L.) WashAI S :rtin aZternif~ora Loisel Smooth cord grass,

p * salt-sarsh cord grass

S. cnom ,oidee (L.) Roth Tall cord grass, giantgcord grsss

S. patens (Aiton) Muhl. Salt-%eadow cord grass?PiPtaoie pta-pue a (Wolter) Chapmn Send grass

2'risetw" pen#oaniow (L.)Beauvois ex. ft. & S.

UnioZa paniculata L. Sea oats

16

-a-.

Table 2. CERC Field Research Facility floristics list-Continued.

Family and Species Co eo n Name

PolygonaceaePolyjgon=n hijdaapiperoidee var.

opeiouaaraw (Riddell ex. Small)Stone Knotveed

P. peneyZvanicWr L. KnotweedP. aagittatwn L. Tearthumb

*RWex crispis L. Yellow dock

PontederiaceaePontederia cordata L. Pickerelveed

PrimulaceaeSamoLue parv'iflorua Raf. Water pimpernel

RosaceaePrunus serotina Ehrhart Black cherryRubus betulifolius Small Blackberry

RubiaceaeDiodia teres Walter ButtonweedD. z'irg'iniana L. Buttonveed

*Galiw, hiapidulwn !4ichaux Bedstraw*Otden~,'4ia boacii (DC.) Chapman* Richardia acabra L.

RutaceaeZanthoxyzwn clava-herculie L. Hercules club

SalicacesPopulus aZba L. White popular,

silver popular

SaZixr nigra Marshall Black willow

ScrophulariaceeAgalinie puz'purea (L.) Pennell Gerardia

*LimoseZ7a eubutata Ives MudvortLinaria canadensie (L.) Dumont Toad flaxVerbasown thapaus L.. Mullein

So! anaceae

(M. . Cutis)WatefallGround cherry

**~~f nrcm"Mle American nightshade

Bo~mriacy~ndrca (.) warz Flsenettle

Valerianaceae*Va2erianet~ r-adiata (L.) Dufr. 'Corn salad

* VerbenaceaeCatticapa oneiricana L. Beauty-berry,

French muilberryj*Lippia ZanceoZata Michaux Fog-fruit

Vitacese* Parthenociesue 0uinquefoZia

(L.) Planchon Virginia creeper.4 Vitis aestiva tis var. aestiva tie

*Michaux Sumer grapeV. rotundifolia Michaux Muscadine

Xyr idaceacXyris j?4pici Richard Yellow-eyed grass

*Species not found in Levy (1976) Study.

* I?

Table 3. Species found during Levy (1976) study, but notduring this (1981) study.


Acerace aAcer r-brum L. Red maple

AizoaceaeMoZlugo verticiZ~ata L. Carpet weed

AlisnataceaeSagitaria grm~inea var.

weatherbiana (Fernald) B0gin Arrowhead

Apisc aePtZimniwa capil~acezm (Michaux)

Ref.

AsciepiadaceacAacepias ZanceoZata Walter Milkweed

AsteraceaeAster tenfoZiua L. AsterBidene mjtia (Michaux) Sherff Beggar ticksCardwua apinoeiassimus Walter Yellow thistlerepis vesicaria sap taraxifo lia(Thuillier) Thellung Hawk's beard

EriEgeron canadensia var.canadensis L. Horseweed

Eupatorien capiZZifoliwm var.capiZZ-*folizdm (Lam.) Small Dog fennel

G;aiZlardi .a P'uZoheZa Foug. Blanket flowerh'eterotheca adeno Lepia

(Fernald) Ahlesrva frutescene L. Marsh elderSolidago rugosa var.

rugoea Miller Goldenrod

CyperaceaeCyipentw dentatus Torrey SedgeC'. emr~tuo?4 izos Muhl.

E.eOVcharia fubechux orreyicx.

ft. & S. Spike rushFimbriety lie aut wnalis adrs

(L.) R. & S.SndrsF. dichotora (L.) Vahi

Euphorbiacie-~Croton Punctetus Jacquin Croton

FabaceagCentroaema v.irginianwl (L.)Bentham Butterfly pea

Deamodiwn pan iou atw,(L.) DC. Beggar lice

D. paucf'orldn (Nuttali) DC. Beggar liceD. atriotrn (Pursh) DC. Beggar lice

Leepedeza ,tr,'Qta (Thunberg)H. & A. Japanese clover

Hamamel idsceaeLiquidwnbar Oftyraciflua L. Sweet gum

18

4TTable 3. Species found during Levy (1976) study, but noat

during this (1981) study-Continued.


Laniaceae3tachys nuttaZ~ii Shuttlew Hedge nettle

Lilisceae

Yucca.filamentoaa L. Bear grass

Loganiaceae

Polyjprewin procumbens L.

Lycopod jaceaeLycopodiwn apprd8Befl (Chapman)

Lloyd and Underwood Club moss

MalvaceaeHfibiecue moacheutoo L. Rose mallow

Myricaceaeif. pensyllvanica Loisel Bayberry

OnagraceaeGenothera biennia L. Evening primrose

PoaceaePromua secalinus L. Broum grassCyjnodon dactyloZn (L.) Persoon Bermuda grassDigit-aria fiZiformie var. v-Zloa

(Walter) Fernald Crab grassD. ischaenum (Schreber)

Schreber ex M4uhl. Crab grassD. sanguina lie (L.) Scopoli Crab grassEleusine indica (L.) Gaertner Goose grassE. 8peetabilia (Pursh) Steudel Love grassFeatuca sciurea liuttall Fescue

Lepto loa cognatum (Schultes)Chase Witch grass

Pani'tn conarulwn Hitchcock andChase Bitter panicin

P. dichotctmiflornm Michaux Fall ronieumP. BcOpariWn Lam.

P'. t'i'atum27 L. Switch grassPaspalzwm vaginatwn SwartzSetaria geniculata (Lam.) Beauvois Fox tail grassSorgwn halepense (L.) Persoon Johnson grassSphenopho ha obtueata (Michaux)Scribner Wedge grass

Zea maus L. Corn

PolygonacaR. verticiZlatuaL. Swamp dock

RanunculaceaeRanwiculue eardoue Crantz Buttercup

RosaceseAmehanchier arbareavar. Zaevie(Wiegard) Ahies June berry

Solanaceaetxatura stramoniw,? L. * imson weed

VerbenaceseLippia nodiflora (L.) Michaux Frogbit

19

grass communities, as well as some on wet sites namely: the interdunalmarsh, reed wetland, and bulrush wetland communities. The second categorywas represented by the sound-side disturbed-shrub and the oceanside shrubcommunities. The third category included only the sound-side shrubcommunity (Levy, 1976) which was dominated by tree species. Thephytosociological data for these stands are presented in AppendixB. Biomass data from the four sampling periods are summarized in Table 4.

The shrub- and tree-dominated communities had the greatest number of

species: sound-side disturbed-shrub, 17; oceanside shrub, 16; and sound-sideshrub, 14. Among the forb-grass dominated communities, the bulrush wetlandscommunity had the highest number of species, 13; the reed wetlands had thelowest number of species, 3.

The highest standing crop was measured for the reed wetland communityduring the September collection (999.6 grams per square meter, Tables 4 andB-19). Six communities had peak standing crops during the September

collection period (e.g., foredune, roadside disturbed, bulrush wetland) andfive during the November period. The sandgrass-buttonweed community had its

peak standing crop during the July sampling (Tables 4 and B-30). Three com-munities (i.e., low dune grass, oceanside intershrub, planted bitterpanicum) had values that did not appear to be greater in November than thosemeasured for the September period. The sandgrass and interdunal marsh com-munities were barren during the first collecting period and were recognizedas unique vegetative assemblages only after the September collections werecompleted.

As noted in the procedure for community sampling, biomass data were notobtained for the oceanside and sound-side shrub communities following theapproach of Levy (1976). The oceanside shrub community had a total densityof 26.4 individuals per quadrat while the sound-side shrub community had avalue of 5.6 individuals per quadrat.

b. Vegetational Map. The vegetational map of the study area is pre-

sented in Figure 2. For comparison, Levy's (1976) vegetational map is shownin Figure 3. A summary of the approximate number of acres of each com-

munity, the barren dune areas, roadways, etc., is presented in Table 5.Area measurements in Levy (1976) are cited as +10 percent. The method

employed in this study is of a similar precision. The larger acreages meas-ured in this study may be accounted for, at least in part, by the subsequentmarsh grass (Phragmites and Spartina) and dune grass (Panium and Amnophila)plantings by the Army Corps of Engineers. The FRF covers 71 hectares (175acres) (Birkemeier, et al., 1981) of which 57.3 hectares (141.7 acres) arevegetated, 6.6 hectares (16.3 acres) are barren dunes, 1.5 hectares (3.7acres) are hard-top roads and buildings, with the remainder composed ofbeaches and periodically submerged sandy bottoms.

c. Communit Ordination. The results of the ordination techniques

are presented in Figures 4, 5, and 6. The three-dimensional aspects ofthis model were depicted by graphing two axes at a time. The distances

between individual communities were related to the relative differences

20

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N ~ s ON 40 Sr r 0 f)0

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us4 0 0 P.0 . 0 0 a 44 6 4)4) 0: 8 ~ . . . . S * * A * * u

be C4 0o 0i -4 0 r ' .0 w4 '

Cl 4 0% 4 0 0 'l4 r4 :> $44,4

u

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00

O4.-1$4 . si 0 0- si 0 t- 0 (i 41

0- '0 -' 9.4 $44

44 ad to4 1- .4

4.'1

ICI

S ca e ou inli Feet

ReedSde et Bluseland Lowos Ocene Srubs

RoodideDistrbe Planted Bitter Ponicumn / [1 lu

RoadsideDisturbe Planted Am~erican Beochqross Frdn

Figure 2. Vegetation map of the CERC Field Research Facility (thisstudy).

22

1'N

I0I"

£ Scale in Feet

Sound-Side Shrub LIPlanted American BeachgrasS Oceanside Intershrub

Sound-Side Disturbed Planted Bitter Ponicum Oceanside Shrub

WetandLow Dune Grass Spurge /SondgrOss

D Sondgross / Buttoiweed F]Sand Foredune

Figure 3. Vegetation map of the CERC Field Research Facility (Levy,

1976).

23

Table 5. Summary of comunity types at the CERC FieldResearch Facility with approximate acreage.

Hectares (acres), ±10 percent

Community types Levy (1976) Present study

Foredune (FD) 1.4 (3.5) 3.4 (8.5)

Oceanside intershrub (OIS) 5.7 (14.0) 2.9 (7.1)

Oceanside shrub (OSS) 4.5 (11.0) 9.8 (24.1)

Planted American beachgrass (PBG) 12.1 (30.0) 18.0 (44.5)1

Planted bitter panicum (PBP) 1.2 (3.0) -- (--)

Sandgrass-buttonweed (SG/BW) 2.0 (5.0) 2.6 (6.4)

Low dune grass (LDG) 16.2 (40.0) 10.4 (25.7)

Sound-side shrub (SSS) 2.8 (7.0) 6.6 (16.3)

Sound-side disturbed (SSD) 1.6 (4.0) 2.0 (5.0)2

Wetland (WL) 0.4 (1.0) 0.4 (1.0) 3

Spurge-sandgrass (S/SG) 0.6 (1.5) 0 (0)

Barren sand dunes 10.9 (27.0) 6.6 (16.3)

Interdunal marsh (IDM) .. .. 0.2 (0.5)

Sandgrass (SG) .. .. 0.6 (1.5)

Roadside disturbed (RSD) .. .. 0.4 (1.1)

Roads 1.2 (3.0) 1.5 (3.7)4

Total 60.6 (150.0) 65.4 (161.7)

1. PBG and PBP combined in present study.

2. Separated into SSD-H (sound-side disturbed-herbaceous) (0.3 hectare,0.8 acre) and SSD-S (sound-side disturbed-shrub) (1.7 hectares, 4.2acres).

3. Separated into bulrush wetland (0.3 hectare, 0.8 acre) and reedwetland (0.08 hectare, 0.2 acre).

4. Buildings added since 1976.

24

-o _

90-

8 - 0 SG/BW

70-OS S D-S

Ye PS*LD

A SG *DM *SSD-H0RSD

S

30

SS

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 s0 90 100

X AXIS

Figure 4. Ordination of plant communities at the CERC FieldResearch Facility, showing the x and y axesperspective (see Table 5 for definition of

community type designation).

25

1D.

70-

/ 60 *SSD-HA 5 OFD 0D

OSG *OSS *PBP/PA. oB

40- *SSS * *RSDLD

30-

2 -

10

*SSD-S1 0 2 0 3 10 4 10 S1g 0 6 1 I 1

X AXIS

Figure 5. Ordination of plant communities at the CERC FieldResearch Facility showing the x and z axesperspective (see Table 5 for definition ofcommunity type designation).

26

IO0

OSGIBW

90-

8O-

SSD-

A S0- 0SIonS OSG

S 4o-sss 0SD OLD

30-

20-

10-

SSD-S0, o1 0 1'0' 31o A 4' o ' 6'0 710 ' 1 9'10 i~0 1 2 3Y AXIS

Figure 6. Ordination of plant communities at the CE IC Field

Research Facility showing the y and z axesperspective (see Table 5 for definition of

community type designation ).

27

... 0

between them. The more vegetationally different communities were farther

apart and the more similar ones closer together.

The bulrush wetland community had a single species in common with the

reed wetland community and nothing in common with any other. In addition,the reed wetland had a single species in common with one other community(sound-side disturbed-shrub . Thus these two communities had zerosimilarity values with most of the other delimited communities. Thepreliminary ordinations which were constructed with all stands haduninterpretable geometries. Therefore, these communities were omitted in

order to produce the ordinations presented in this study.

The distinctiveness of the foredune (x-y and y-z axis), sandgrass (x-y

and x-z axis), sandgrass-buttonweed (x-z and y-z axis), sound-sidedisturbed-shrub (x-z and y-z axis), and sound-side shrub (x-y and y-z axis)communities was borne out by the ordination. However, each of these sharedsimilarities with several other communities on the remaining axis: sandgrasson y-z axis, sandgrass-buttonweed on the x-y axis, sound-side disturbed-shrub on the x-y axis, and sound-side shrub on the x-z axis (sandgrass-

buttonweed and sound-side disturbed on the x-y axis, foredune and sound-side7 shrub on the x-z axis, and sandgrass on the y-z axis).

In contrast to the five clearly distinct communities previouslynoted, seven community types had strong similarities to each other. Theseseven can be further separated into two groups. First, the interdunalmarsh, low dune grass, planted bitter panicum-planted American beachgrass,

and roadside disturbed communities showed a strong similarity in all threeordination perspectives. Second, the oceanside intershrub and sound-sidedisturbed-herbaceous communities were separated from the former group on the

x-z axis. This distinctiveness diminished on the x-y axis and totally dis-

appeared on the y-z axis.

d. Permanent Quadrats. Vegetation patterns of the permanent quadratsfor this study and Levy (1976) are provided in Appendix C. The low dune

grass quadrat 2 was not diagramed by Levy (1976), as it was void of vegeta-tion (Fig. C-9). Levy (1976) also omitted the three permanent quadratslocated in the oceanside shrub community as they had 100 percent Myrlia

pensyZvanica coverage (Figs. C-19, C-21, and C-23). Reestablishment of thebarren dune permanent quadrats was not required for this study. Appendix Alists separately the location of each quadrat's permanent survey marker. An

error was detected in the distance of sound-side disturbed permanent quadrat1 from USACE survey marker 64 (as reported by Levy, 1976) and has beencorrected in Appendix A.

IV. DISCUSSION1. Floristics.

The Asteraceae was represented by the most species, making up 13

percent of the total flora. This compares with 13.5 percent Asteraceaefound by Burk (1968) for the entire Outer Banks. The Poaceae made up 7percent. This compared with 16 percent for the Asteraceae and 19 percentfor the Poaceae reported by Levy (1976). The reversal in order ofimportance for the two families appeared to reflect the present, more

28

successional state of the area. Each of the remaining families represented4 percent or less of the total flora.

Among the species collected, Radford, Ahles, and Bell (1968) listedthree as infrequent and three as rare. The infrequent plants wereLilaeopsis carolinensis and Eupatoriwn serotinwn. The rare species wereEragrostis elliottii, Lilaeopsis chinensis, and Ammophila breviligulata.The A. breviligulata was locally abundant due to plantings. Lonicerajaponica var. chinensis is a rare escaped cultivar not yet reported natu-ralized in North Carolina.

Levy (1976) frequently cites Myrica peneyZvanica as being an important

component of the study area's flora. An intensive search was conductedthroughout the FRF; however no specimens were found. In areas north of theFRF, M. pensyZvanica populations were observed during this study to be

undergoing replacement by M. cerifera and Prunue serotina. It is possiblethat specimens of M. pensylvanica were collected and identified by Levy(1976) who assumed all existing Myrica specimens were of this species.Subsequently, M. pensylvanica may have died out on this site.

It is important to note that this genus has long had taxonomic problems

and species separation depends upon characteristics which are subject tovariation caused by environmental extremes. Many authors (e.g., Radford,Ahles and Bell, 1968) recognize a third species, M. hqterophyZla, which isconsidered a hybrid between M. pensyZvanica and M. cerl-fera. The resultinghybrid is named differently by others (Fernald, 1950). The correctdesignation of the Myrica growing in the study area is therefore open to

question. An intensive evaluation of this technical question is beyond thescope of this study, although current thought strongly suggests that the

correct designation is most likely M. cerifera.


The plant communities at the Field Research Facility exist in theirpresent condition because of the natural environmental forces characteristicI of the Outer Banks and a long history of manmade disturbances, some of whichare common to the Outer Banks in general. Others are unique to this site,e.g., its previous use as an aircraft bombing range from 1941 to 1965 andfertilization of the study area during the springs of 1979, 198U, and 1981.Fertilization was conducted on inhouse dune stabilization experimentalplantings of Panicwnamarn and the low dune grass communities. Theseplantings were made in an area designated by Levy (1976) as planted American

beachgrass. One impact of the planting and fertilization was the replace-ment of the previously existing community by P. warwn. Since no plant

species were studied before nor during the fertilization of 32 to 36hectares (80 to 90 acres) at the FRF from 1979 to 1981, the direct impact ofthe fertilization cannot be ascertained.

In this study, Levy's (1976) original designations of permanent

quadrats were maintained for continuity. The above-described treatment, aswell as plant successional processes, has produced vegetational changeswithin the permanent quadrats which in some cases now contain vegetationentirely different from that which existed during Levy's (1976) study.

29

As shown by the ordination (Figs. 4, 5, and 6), some plant communitieswere strongly delimited while others were similar. The distinct communitiesincluded the foredune community, which had been established on theartificially stabilized foredune and enriched by a series of plantings.This community, though quantitatively unique, had at least one of itsspecies components represented in more than.three-quarters of the other com-munities. Therefore, the species growing on the foredune were notrestricted there, but represented those species able to resist the harsh en-vironmental conditions of this habitat. The selecting factors appeared tobe strong winds, the accompanying salt spray, sand abrasion, and evaporativestress, as well as extreme temperatures (Oosting, 1945; Malloch, 1971;Tyndall and Levy, 1978). The most prominent species of the area wereSpartina patene and Panij warzm. present in 36 and 25.5 percent of thesampled plots, respectively.

The oceanside shrub and oceanside intershrub communities lay landwardand adjacent to the foredune community. As evident in the ordination, thetwo communities were vegetationally distinct from the foredune community aswell as from each other. Community boundaries were sharply defined becausetransition zones were less than a few meters. Oceanside shrub and sound-side communities were dominated by Iyrica cerifera shrubs. The two shrub-dominated communities (oceanside shrub and sound-side shrub) and to someextent the sound-side disturbed-shrub community appeared to have beenenriched by nitrogen-fixing micro-organisms on the nodules of legumes andon the.-roots of M. cerifera.9 as noted for Myrica pensylvanica by Morris, etal. (1974). These communities thrived in areas protected from wind and saltspray by the surrounding topography, with the shrubs seldom reaching aheight above the foredune system. The high number of species (17) found inthe sound-side shrub community, many of which were limited in theirtolerance to salt (e.g., Melothria pendula, Phytolacca americana, SoZanwn=aericanw), attested to the sheltered nature of the community.

The oceanside intershrub community inhabited the more exposed areasbehind the foredune community and intermixed with the sound-side shrubcommunity. Human activity and windblown sand were very high in these areas,and as a result vegetation was sparse and patchy. Biomass of the communitywas lower than all the other communities sampled except for the sound-sidedisturbed-herbaceous community (Table 4).

Inland from the three communities discussed above lay the plantedbitter panicum-planted American beachgrass, low dune grass, and sandgrass-buttonweed communities. The planted bitter panicum-planted Americanbeachgrass community constituted the greatest acreage within the study area(18.0 hectares or 44.5 acres, Table 5). Presently dominated by Panicwn

. virgatum and Erigeron canadensis var. pusitZus, this coumunity waspreviously delimited by Levy (1976) as distinct planted bitter panicum andplanted American beachgrass communities. These two communities, assuggested by their names, were originally artificially established on themost heavily bombed part of the study area (Levy, 1976). The extensiveacreage observed during this study tended to suggest that the planted bitterpanicum-planted American beachgrass community represented a relatively latestable stage in dune succession.

This planted bitter panicum-planted American beachgrass community wassimilar to the low dune grass community, as observed by Levy (1976), which

30

was dominated by the grass Ammophila breviZigulata and the composite

Erigeron canadensis var. PusilzuO. Both communities inhabited a terraincharacterized by rolling dunes of loose, fine sands and heavily disturbed bymanmade and natural perturbations. The low dune grass community covered thearea south of the present access road to the FRF where topographical reliefwas stronger than on the northern section of the property. The highest dunewas approximately 16.5 meters (50 feet).

Amiophila breviligutataq an introduced species to the area, had becomevery important as a dune stabilizer. Transition between these two communi-ties was not clearly defined. Nearly pure stands of A. breviZiguZataexisted on the berms and rills of the more active dunes, but even herestrong similarities to the planted bitter panicum-planted American beach-grass community were evident, suggesting that this community would soonreplace the low dune grass community.

A small, interdunal marsh community was located within a shallow (+0.6meter or +2 feet mean sea level) depression of the low dune community.Receiving ground-water drainage from the adjacent dunes, the marsh soilremained damp throughout the study. Although narrow leaf cattails (Typhaanguatifolia) were common, the community was dominated by Spartina patens

and Cyperus ovularis. The ordination perspective depicted this community asnot being unique from the planted bitter panicum-planted American beachgrassand the low dune grass communities. This may be attributed to the fact thatthese latter communities could probably act as seed sources for the area(Van der Valk, 1974). However, the integrity of the interdunal marsh isprobably related to area rainfall with wet years favoring a marsh communityand dry years favoring a herbaceous dunal community, as noted by Oosting(1954).

Adjacent to the access road to the FRF and the state highway, whichseparated the sound-side communities from the rest, lay the roadsidedisturbed community (Fig. 2). The soil of the community was a mixture ofsand and imported gravel-clay. The roadside was utilized as an unpavedparking area and was heavily impacted by tire ruts. This disturbance hasserved to introduce several new species to the area (e.g., PZantagoaristata, Geranium carolinianum, and ValerianeiZa radiata) common to newroad construction sites in North Carolina. However, as seen in the ordina-tion perspectives (Figs. 4, 5, and 6), this area was not unique from thesurrounding dunal areas from which the bulk of the flora is apparentlyderived.

The last community found Vithin the central part of the study area(Fig. 2) was the sandgrass community located in a highly disturbed arearesulting from the construction of a visitor parking facility. Triptasiepurpurea was by far the dominant species (Table B-41) rendering thecommunity unique (Figs. 4 and 5). This community closely resembled Levy's(1976) original description of the sandgrass-buttonweed community and wasbelieved to represent a pioneer stage of succession. The presence ofPanicum virgatwn indicated that this community was rapidly succeeding towardthe planted bitter panicum-planted American beachgrass community. Of theseveral communities located on the sound-side of the study area, only one--the sound-side disturbed-herbaceous community--appeared similar to any ofthe previously mentioned comunities. Characterized by sparse, patchyvegetation, the sound-side disturbed-herbaceous community (Tables B-33 to

31

4

B-36) shared the same dominant species (TripZasi8 purpurea) and habitat asthe oceanside intershrub community (Tables B-9 to B-12). The compositionaldifferences between these two communities appeared to be related to the factthat the former occurred farther away from salt spray than the latter.Several nonsalt tolerant plants existed in the sound-side disturbed-herbaceous area that were not found in the oceanside intershrub community(i.e., Juncus app. and Monarda punctat).

The sound-side disturbed-shrub community comprised approximately 1.7

hectares (4.2 acres) and was located north of the sound-side disturbed-herbaceous community. This community was a mixture of shrub and herbaceousplants, the dominant species including Spartina patens, Juncuemegacephallue, Andropogon virginicu8, and Myrica cerifera. Many plantspecies, including Vacciniwn corymboewn and Hierachium gronovii, wereendemic to this area. The uniqueness of the area, as depicted on theordination perspectives (Figs. 4, 5, and 6), is due in part to manmadeperturbations. A high berm that existed along the eastern edge of thesound-side communities had been leveled by road-building activities in thearea adjacent to the sound-side disturbed-shrub community. The loss of thisprotective berm exposed this community to severe winter winds and theirsuspended salts. Several shrub species which occurred in the sound-sidedisturbed-shrub community were also found in the sound-sideshrub community (e.g., Baccharis halimifolia, Cornus florida, and Rhuscopallina). However, now that the berm has been removed, the sound-sidedisturbed-shrub community will probably not become homogeneous with thesound-side shrub community.

The sound-side shrub community was the largest of the sound-side com-munities (6.6 hectares or 16.3 acres, Table 5). Protected on the east by a

series of dunes 3.0 to 7.6 meters (10 to 25 feet) high, this communityrepresented a maturing maritime forest of Prnus serotina, Quercusvirginiana, and Pinu8 taeda trees, several of which had a diameter at breastheight of more than 25 centimeters (10 inches). Other important species in-cluded Cornue florida, Ilex opaca, Magnolia virginiana, Myrica cerifera, andPersia borbonia. The sound-side shrub community permanent quadrat 2 (Fig.C-48) was disturbed when a road was constructed within 3.0 meters (10 feet)

of the permanent quadrat marker. With the shrubs removed, the successionalpatterns of this community and the roadside disturbed community were similar

(Fig. C-62).

The vine Lonicera sempervirene and the shrub Zanthoxylwn clava-hercu'iswere endemic to this area. The uniqueness of this area was borne out by hex-z and y-z axis perspectives (Figs. 5 and 6). The apparent similarity tothe oceanside shrub community on the x-y axis was due to the mutual occur-rence of large numbers of Arica cerifera and Prunus eerotina. However,this similarity did not occur when the species richness of the woody vegeta-tion of the two areas was compared (12 versus 2 for the sound-side shrub andoceanside shrub communities, respectively).

As previously discussed, the wetland communities were not included inthe ordination model. Two distinct wetland types existed: a bulrush wet-land dominated by Scirpue wtericanue (Fig. C-59) and a reed wetland domi-nated by Pragmitee aomunis (Fig. C-60). Other important species of thebulrush wetland included Heleniwn autrnale, Sagittaria faZoata, Spartinaalterniflora, S. cynoeuroidee., S. patens, and Solidago eepervirene. With

32

V.

the exception of Juncue cO2eaceue, which was also found in the reedwetlands, all plant species of the bulrush wetlands were endemic to thatarea.

3. Comparative Vegetational Analysis: Levy (1976) versus Present Study.

The most visible change which occurred within the study area sinceLevy's (1976) original study was the homogeneous mixing and expansion of theplanted bitter panicum and planted American beachgrass communities. Theplanted bitter panicum community was originally codominated by TripZasiapurpurea and Paniewn caarmn. The planted American beachgrass community was

* dominated by T. purpurea and AmophiZa bevilul . Combined (Table 5),these communities covered 13.4 hectares (33 acres), 1.2 and 12.2 hectares(3 and 30 acres), respectively. Levy (1976) found the planted bitterpanicum community had one of the most depauperate floras, the lowest biomassof areas sampled in his study, and indicated the area represented a failedplanting attempt. Levy further suggested that T. purpurea may be importantas a soil stabilizer. This indeed appeared to have been the case in bothcommunities, as T. purpurea decreased from its dominant role in 1975 to aminor member of the new planted bitter panicum-planted American beachgrasscommunity. This new community was dominated by Panicwn virgatwn and coveredan area of approximately 18.0 hectares (44.5 acres). The increase in areawas due to the northward expansion of the community which coveredapproximately 4.9 additional hectares (12 acres) previously described as lowdune grass, into areas previously found dominated by T. purpureaor Cenchustribuloides (Levy, 1976). The expansion of this community is expected tocontinue southward into the current sandgrass and low dune communities (Fig.2).

Levy's (1976) sandgrass-buttonweed (Figs. C-37 to C-42) and spurge-

sandgrass (Figs. C-43 and C-44) communities had also undergone majorvegetational changes. The former community, originally dominated by T.purpurea, was dominated by Panicwn marln. The change again supportedLevy's (1976) theory of the pioneering nature of T. purpurea. The dominant

P. amar'Vn was the species which was planted in the original planted bitterpanicum community and failed to survive. Perhaps enough rootstock or seedsurvived to allow reestablishment of the species in the adjacent area. Atthe time plantings were established, both the planted American beachgrassand planted bitter panicum communities were fertilized. The sandgrass-buttonweed community was not fertilized, which may explain the initialexclusion of P. anarn and the invasion of the highly competitive p.virgatmun into the planted bitter panicum area. Similarly the successfulinvasion of P. 4marn into the sandgras-buttonveed area may be due to thelower fertility which may have excluded P. virgatn.

_.1 The spurge-sandgrass community of Levy's (1976) study was totallydevegetated by construction activities at the FRF. The new vegetationassemblage represented a continuum between the planted bitter panicum-planted American beachgrass and the foredune comunities.

The dominant species and the areal extent of the foredune community(Figs. C-1 to C-6) have changed. Originally dominated by UnioZa panicuZataand AmophiZa breviliguZata (Levy,1976), the new assemblage is dominated by

33

Spartina patens and Paniczn wnarw. The community area has increased from1.4 to f.4 hectares (3.5 acres to 8.5 acres) (Table 5). The largestincrease has occurred on the north edge of the FRF. This may havebeen caused in part by the construction of the 549-meter (1,800-foot) pierat the facility in 1978. The bottom contours of the beach show adecrease in the slope south of the pier and an increase in the slope northof the pier (Birkemeier, et al., 1981). The result is a larger area forwave energy distribution on the south side, which decreases the probabilityof overwash.

The addition of the two wetland areas was in part due to sprigging ofSpartina alternifZora as an erosion stabilizer on the soundside of the FRF(Birkemeier, et al., 1981). These grasses promote soil accretion andprepare the habitat for establishment of numerous other fresh and brackishwater plants (Benner, et al., 1982).

V. SUMMARY

A vegetative study of CERC's Field Research Facility at Duck, NorthCarolina, was undertaken from May through December 1981 to determine anddocument natural or manmade changes which occurred since Levy's (1976)original study. For four sampling periods, his procedures were replicatedand his permanent quadrats reestablished and mapped. A vegetation map ofthe area was prepared using aerial infrared photos and ground-truth surveys.

Fourteen different plant communities were delimited. Stratified randomsampling of these communities produced frequency and biomass data for 12communities and frequency and density data for the 2 shrub communities.Biomass data were obtained using the clip quadrat method. The distinctive-ness of the foredune, sandgrass, sandgrass-buttonweed, sound-side disturbed-shrub, and sound-side shrub communities was borne out by the ordinationtechniques. The interdunal marsh, low dune grass, planted bitter panicum-planted American beachgrass, and roadside disturbed communities showed astrong similarity in all three ordination perspectives. Several of thevegetational communities delimited were considered to be in a near climaticstate; i.e., the foredune, oceanside intershrub, oceanside shrub, sound-sideshrub, and planted bitter panicum-planted American beachgrass communities.Although dominant species have shifted and minor floral compositionalchanges have occurred, all but the planted bitter panicum-planted Americanbeachgrass community had been previously defined by Levy (1976). Thiscommunity, originally delimited by Levy (1976) as distinct communities, con-stituted the greatest acreage within the study area.

The most visible change which occurred since Levy's (1976) original* study was the homogeneous mixing and expansion of the planted bitter panicum

and planted American beachgrass communities. TripZasis purpurea appeared tobe the primary pioneering species of the barret- sand areas, with Anrophilabrevizlziulata becoming very important as a dune stabilizer. Floristiccollections made throughout the study revealed a flora of approximately 180species and 151 genera, representing 58 families.

34

L-

LITERATURE CITED

BEALS, E., "Forest Bird Communities in the Apostle Islands of Wisconsin,"Wilson Bulletin, Vol. 72, No. 2, June 1960, pp. 156-181.

BENNER, C.S., et al., "Vegetative Erosion Control in an Oligohaline Environ-ment - Currituck Sound, N.C.," In Press, Journal of the Society of WetlandScientists, 1982.

BIRKEMEIER, W.A., et al., "A User's Guide to CERC's Field Research Facility,"MR 81-7, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center,Fort Belvoir, Va., Oct. 1981.

BRAY, J.R., and CURTIS, J.T., "An Ordination of the Upland Forest Communitiesof Southern Wisconsin," Ecological Monographs, Vol. 27, No. 4, Oct. 1957,pp. 325-349.

BURK, C.J., "A Floristic Comparison of Lower Cape Cod, Massachusetts and theNorth Carolina Outer Banks," Rhodora, Vol. 70, No. 782, June 1968, pp. 215-227.

CURTIS, J.T., and McINTOSH, R.P., "An Upland Forest Continuum in the Praire-Forest Border Region of Wisconsin," Ecology, Vol. 32, No. 3, July 1951,pp. 476-496.

DOLAN, R., GODFREY, P.J., and ODUM, W.E., "Man's Impact on the Barrier Islandsof North Carolina," American Scientist, Vol. 61, No. 2, Mar. 1973, pp. 152-162.

DOLAN, R., et al., "Shoreline Erosion Rates Along the Middle Atlantic Coast

of the United States," Geology, Vol. 7, Dec. 1979, pp. 602-606.

FERNALD, M.L., Gray?s Manual of Botany, 8th ed., American Book Company, NewYork, N.Y., 1950.

GODFREY, P.J., and GODFREY, M.M., "Barrier Island Ecology of Cape LookoutNational Seashore and Vicinity, North Carolina," National Park Service,

Washington, D.C., 1976.

GOLDSMITH, V., "Internal Geometry and Origin of Vegetated Coastal SandDunes," Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 43, No. 4, Dec. 1973,pp. 1128-1142.

HOSIER, B.E., and CLEARY, W.J., "An Analysis of Selected Sites on Currituck

Spit, North Carolina," University of North Carolina Program in MarineSciences, Wilmington, N.C., Aug. 1979.

LEATHERMAN, S.P., "Barrier Dune Systems, Reassessment," Sedimentary Geology,Vol. 24, 1979a, pp. 1-16.

35

LEATHERMAN, S.P., "Beach and Dune Interactions During Storm Conditions,"Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, Vol. 12, 1979b, pp. 281-291.

LEATHERMAN, S.P., "Barrier Island Handbook," National Park Service Cooper-ative Research Unit, The Environmental Institute, University of Massachu-setts, Amherst, Mass., 1979c.

LEVY, G.F., "The Phytosociology of Northern Wisconsin Upland Openings,"The American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 83, No. 1, Jan. 1970, pp. 213-237.

LEVY, G.F., "Vegetative Study at the Duck Field Research Facility, Duck,North Carolina," MR 76-6, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engi-

neering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Apr. 1976.

MALLOCH, A.J.C., "Salt-Spray Deposition on the Maritime Cliffs of the LizardPeninsula," Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 60, 1971, pp. 103-112.

MORRIS, M., et al., "Nitrogen Fixation in the Bayberry (Myrica pensylvanica)and Its Role in Coastal Succession," American Journal of Botany, Vol. 61,No. 8, Sept. 1974, pp. 867-870.

OOSTING, H.J., "Tolerance to Salt Spray of Plants of Coastal Dunes," Ecology,Vol. 26, No. 1, Jan. 1945, pp. 85-89.

OOSTING, H.J., "Ecological Processes and Vegetation of the Maritime Strandin the Southeastern United States," Botanical Review, Vol. 20, 1954, pp.226-261.

OOSTING, H.J., The Study of Plant Communities, 2d ed., W.H. Freeman and Co.,I! San Francisco, Calif., 1956, pp. 31-55.

OOSTING, H.J., and BILLINGS, W.D., "Factors Affecting Vegetational Zonationon Coastal Dunes," Ecology, Vol. 23, No. 2, Apr. 1942, pp. 131-142.

RADFORD, A.E., AHLES, H.E., and BELL, C.R., Manual of the Vascular Flora ofthe Carolinas, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, N.C.,1968.

SOKAL, R.R., and ROHLF, F.J., Biometry, W.H. Freeman and Company, San Fran-cisco, Calif., 1969, pp. 549-620.

TYNDALL, R.W., and LEVY, G.F., "Plant Distribution and Succession WithinInterdunal Depressions on a Virginia Barrier Dune System," Journal ofthe Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, Vol. 94, No. 1, 1978, pp. 1-15.

VAN DER VALK, A.G., "Environmental Factors Controlling the Distribution ofForbs on Coastal Foredunes in Cape Hatteras National Seashore," CanadianJournal on Botany, Vol. 52, 1974, pp. 1057-1073.

WELLS, B.W., "Plant Communities of the Coastal Plain of North Carolina andTheir Successional Relations," Ecology, Vol. 9, No. 2, Apr. 1928,pp. 230-242.

36

.... . -4.

APPENDIX A

PERMANENT QUADRAT LOCATIONS

Quadrat designation Location

Foredune No. I 1370 E. of N., 30 meters (97 feet)

from U.S. Army 1Corps of Engineers

(USACE) survey marker No. 16

Foredune No. 2 12030' E. of N., 212 meters (696

feet) from USACE survey markerlocated in the SE. corner of thestudy area

Foredune No. 3 450 E. of N., 68 meters (224 feet)

from USACE survey marker locatedin the SE. corner of the study area

Oceanside 9050' W. of N., 102 meters (335intershrub No. 1 feet) from USACE survey marker

No. 11

Oceanside 100 W. of N., 64 meters (209 feet)intershrub No. 2 from a point located 700 W. of N.,

74 meters (242 feet) from USACEsurvey marker in the SE. cornerof the study area

Oceanside 300 W. of N., 55 meters (181 feet)intershrub No. 3 from USACE survey marker in the SE.

corner of the study area

Oceanside shrub No. 1 400 W. of N., 67 meters (220 feet)from USACE survey marker located inthe SE. corner of the study area

Oceanside shrub No. 2 150 W. of N., 70 meters (230 feet)from USACE survey marker located inthe SE. corner of the study area

Oceanside shrub No. 3 300 W. of N., 11 meters (35 feet)

-" from oceanside intershrub No. 2

Planted American 820 W. of N., 263 meters (864 feet,

beachgrass No. 1 from USACE survey marker No. 11

Planted American 1680 W. of N., 238 meters (781 feet)

beachgrass No. 2 from planted American beachgrasssurvey marker No. 1

37

* ..... ... . .__ _ _ _ _-- - - . - j d~


Planted American 1480 E. of N., 124 meters (408beachgrass No. 3 feet) from planted American

beachgrass survey marker No. 2

Sandgrass- 110 W. of N., 71 meters (233 feet)buttonweed No. 1 from planted American beachgrass

survey marker No. 1


survey marker No. 1


survey marker No. 1

Low dune grass No. 1 110 W. of N., 231 meters (759 feet)from planted American beachgrasssurvey marker No. 1



Sound-side shrub No. 1 800 W. of N., 306 meters (1004 feet)from planted American beachgrasssurvey marker No. 1

Sound-side shrub No. 2 880 W. of N., 248 meters (813 feet)from planted American beachgrasssurvey marker No. 1

Sound-side shrub No. 3 920 E. of N., 73 meters (240 feet)from sound-side disturbed surveymarker No. 1

Planted panic grass No. 1 110 W. of N., 114 meters (374 feet)from planted American beachgrasssurvey marker No. 1

Planted panic grass No. 2 400 W. of N. 123 meters (405 feet)from planteu American beachgrasssurvey marker No. 1

Planted panic grass No. 3 590 W. of N., 173 meters (567 feet)from planted American beachgrasssurvey marker No. 1

38

-- - - - - --------- ~ ~ - - -- -

IT - --|

i1


Sound-side disturbed No. 1 Due south 229 meters (750 feet) fromUSACE survey marker No. 64

Sound-side disturbed No. 2 1430 E. of N., 84 meters (274 feet)from sound-side disturbed surveymarker No. 1

Sound-side disturbed No. 3 1780 W. of N., 86 meters (283 feet)

from sound-side disturbed surveymarker No. 1

Wetlands 1440 W. of N., 70 meters (230 feet)from sound-side disturbed surveymarker No. 1

Spurge-sandgrass 1050 W. of N., 64 meters (210 feet)from USACE survey marker No. 13

Reed wetland 1270 W. of N., 99 meters (325 feet)from USACE survey marker No. 64

Bulrush wetland 1050 W. of N., 36 meters (118 feet)from sound-side disturbed surveymarker No. 1

Roadside disturbed 00 N., 48 meters (158 feet) fromplanted American beachgrass surveymarker No. 3

Interdunal marsh 870 E. of N., 33 meters (107 feet)from planted American beachgrass

survey marker No. 3

I

, .. .. ..39

APPENDIX B

PHYTOSOCIOLOGI CAL DATA

Table B-1. Foredune community data for the first samplingperiod (25 May 198).1

Relative Total Grams perFrequency frequency weight square

Species (percent) (percent) (grams) meter

Spartlna patens 56.7 38.6 103.2 86.0

Panlcz amarwm 30.0 20.5 12.7 10.6

Ammophilabreviligulaea 20.0 13.6 3.7 3.1

tUniola paniculata 20.0 13.6 5.1 4.3

Solidagosempervirens 16.7 11.4 7.4 6.2

myrica cerifera 3.3 2.3 0.83 0.69

Total 133.0 110.9

lBased on thirty 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

Table B-2. Foredune community data for the second samplingperiod (20 July 1981).

1

Relative Total Grams per

Frequency frequency veight square


Spartilna patens 50.0 34.1 121.1 100.9

Panictim amartw 36.7 25.0 23.2 19.3

Uniolapaiculata 23.3 15.9 8.2 6.8

solidagosampervtrens 20.0 13.6 3.5 2.9

Ammophl I abreviligulata 16.7 11.4 11.8 9.8

Total 167.8 139.7

1 3ased on thirty 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

40

-L

Table 8-3. Foredune commnity data for the third sampling period(12 September 1981). 1


Frequency frequency weight squareSpecies (percent) (percent) (grams) meter

panlcure amarue 53.3 33.3 54.0 45.0

spartina patens 53.3 33.3 148.7 123.9

Uniol apaniculata 30.0 18.8 4.6 37.2

A;mmophilabreviligulata 23.3 14.6 25.6 21.3

Total 272.9 227.4

lBased on thirty 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

Table B-4. Foredune comunity data for the fourth samplingperiod (6 November 1981).

1



Soatina patens 53.3 36.6 13.4 11.2

Panici- aaron 33.3 23.3 161.3 134.4

Uniola

paniculata 23.3 15.9 7.2 6.0

Amophl I abreviligulaca 23.3 15.9 4.5 3.7

Solidagosampervirens 10.0 6.8 19.7 16.4

Myrica cetifers 3.3 2.3 0.34 0.28

" Total 206.1 172.0

1Based on thirty 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

41

Table B-5. Low dune grass comunity data for the first samplingperiod (25 May 1981).l

I=-



AmophiZabreviliguZata 52.5 58.3 72.4 45.3

£rigeroncanadensisvar. rusi-:us 27.5 30.6 7.5 4.7

'enchrustribuZoides 10.0 11.1 0.01 0.01

Total 79.9 50.0

IBased on forty 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

Table B-6. Low dune grass comunity data for the second samplingperiod (20 July 1981).1



Ammophi iabreviligulata 47.5 38.0 82.3 51.4

Erigeroncanadensisvar. pusillus 32.5 26.0 24.5 15.3

Suphorbiapolyqgonifolia 20.0 16.0 0.98 0.61

Cenchrustribuloides 17.5 14.0 3.5 2.2

Triplasispurpurea 5.0 4.0 0.01 0.01

Diodia teres 2.5 2.0 0.01 0.01

Total 111.3 69.5

IBsed on forty 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

42

Table B-7. Low dune grass cmmunity data for the third samplingperiod (12 September 1981).1

Relative Total Gramss perFrequency frequency weight square


.T-ipZasis

pur rurea 70.0 35.4 84.0 52.5

Erigeroncanadensisvar. pusiZZus 55.0 27.8 44.8 28.0

AmophiZa

breviZiguLata 42.5 21.5 105.2 65.8

Diodia teres 12.5 6.3 2.4 1.5

Cenchrus

tribuzoides 7.5 4.0 0.92 0.58

EragroetiseZziotti, 5.0 2.5 0.10 0.06

Euphorbia

pf r2 c.z -C*a 5.0 2.5 0.30 0.19

Total 237.7 148.6

1Based on forty 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

Table 8-8. Low dune grass comeunity data for the fourth samplingperiod (6 November 1981).1



Awsophila

breviligzZata 57.5 33.8 174.2 108.8

Triplaslspurpurea 52.5 30.9 52.1 32.6

Erigeroncanadenslsvar. pusillus 42.5 25.0 32.3 20.2

Europhorbia

polygonifolia 7.5 4.4 0.25 0.16

Cenchrus

tribuloides 5.0 2.9 0.67 0.42

Diodia teres 2.5 1.5 0.06 0.04

EragroatisellIottii 2.5 1.5 0.08 0.05

Total 259.7 162.3

Ilased on forty 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

43

Table B-9. Oceanside intershrub community data for the first

sampling period (25 Kay 1981).1


Species (percent) (percent) (grams meter

Triplasis purpurea 16.9 25.6 9.1 3.5

ReteroChecagossypina 16.9 25.6 3.9 1.5

Uniola paniculata 13.8 20.9 7.9 3.0

Erigeron canadensisvar. pusiZlue 7.7 11.6 3.2 1.2

Cenchrus tribuloides 4.6 7.0 0.05 0.02

Oenothera humifusa 4.6 7.0 0.75 0.29

Opuntia compressa 1.5 2.3 0.96 0.36

Total 25.9 9.9

IBased on sixty-five 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

Table B-10. Oceanside intershrub community data for the secondsampling period (20 July 1981).'




Cyperus o 'ularis 20.0 17.3 3.5 1.4

EurophorbiaPoyg

o n f olloia 13.8 12.0 2.0 0.77

Uniolapaniculata 10.8 9.3 27.6 10.6

Fri goron

canadenai svar. pusillus 10.8 9.3 3.7 1.4

ffeterotheca

g gosypina 6.2 5.3 11.1 0.38

Oenothera

hunifusa 4.6 4.0 0.35 1.5

Cenchrus

tri buloides 4.6 4.0 0.20 0.08

Total 55.9 19.0

lbased on sixty-five 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

44

Table B-11. Oceanside intershrub comunity data for the thirdsampling period (12 September 1981).

1


Frequency frequency veight squareSpecies (percent) (percent) (grams) meter

?riplasis purpurea 52.3 33.3 15.8 6.1

Cyperus ovularls 35.4 22.5 7.3 2.8

Heterothecagossypina 26.2 16.7 87.7 33.7

Suphorbiapolygonitolia 13.8 8.8 1.8 0.69

Uniola paniculate 9.2 5.9 9.0 3.5

Erigeroncanadensis var.pusillus 7.7 4.9 0.8 0.31

Eragfrostis elliottii 6.2 3.9 7.1 2.7

Oenothera humiusa 4.6 2.9 0.3 0.12


Total 129.9 50.0

1Based on sixty-five 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

Table B-12. Oceanside intershrub community date for the fourthsampling period (6 November 1981).

1



?riplasis purpurea 47.7 32.0 45.8 17.6

Meterothecagossypina 44.6 29.9 76.6 29.5

Cyperus ovularia 10.8 7.2 0.21 0.08

Cragroscis ellioetiz 9.2 6.2 9.4 3.8

0enothera huiifusa 9.2 6.2 1.2 0.47

Uniola paniculate 7.7 5.2 5.1 2.0

Cuphorbiepolygonitolia 7.7 5.2 3.02 0.01

-" Sri geroncanadensis var.pusillus 4.6 3.1 0.20 0.08


Opuneta conpreasa 3.1 2.1 2.4 0.91

Total 140.8 54.4

lased on sixty-five 0.2-ister x 0.2-mter quadrats.

45

Table B-13. Planted bitter panicum-planted American beachgrasscomunity data for the first sampling period(25 May 1981).1



Brigeron canadensis

var. pusillus 36.3 67.4 91.6 28.6

Panicum virgetum 11.3 20.9 36.2 11.30

Oenothera hwiifusa 2.5 4.7 0.33 0.10


Au o phl abreviligulata 1.2 2.3 0.10 0.03

Total 129.1 40.3

IBsaed on eighty 0.2-weter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

Table B-14. Planted bitter panicum-planted American beachgrasscomunity data for the second sampling period(20 July 1981).1

Relative Total Crams perFrequency frequency weight square

Species (percent) (percent) (grams) sister

frigeron canedensisvar. pusillus 43.8 62.5 181.2 56.6

Panicus viratum 16.3 23.2 119.4 37.3

Cyperus ovuleris 6.3 8.9 1.3 0.40


Oe4othra h)mifusa 1.3 1.8 0.09 0.03

Heterothecagoasypina 1.3 1.8 0.61 0.19

i Total 302.5 94.9

lBased on eighty 0.2-'meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

46

Table B-15. Planted bitter panictm-planted American beachgrasscommunity data for the third sampling period

(12 September 198).1



Erigeron canadensisvar. pusillus 38.8 63.3 199..2 62.3

Panicur virgatum 12.5 20.4 249.1 77.8

Cyperus ovularis 3.8 6.1 1.2 0.38


Oenothera humifusa 1.3 2.0 0.01 -


Total 453.0 141.6

IBaaed on eighty 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

Table B-16. Planted bitter panicum-planted American beachgrasscommunity data for the fourth sampling period(6 November 1981).1



Erigeron canadensis

var. pusillus 63.8 51.0 172.1 53.8

Panicum vlrgatum 21.3 17.0 272.3 85.1

Trnplasls purpurea 13.8 11.0 13.7 4.3

Zrafrostis elliottii 11.3 9.0 3.2 1.0



" Total 464.6 145.2

1ased on eighty 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

47

Table 5-17. Reed wetland community data for the firstsampling period (25 May 1980).1


Species (percent) (percent) (grams ) meter

Phragwites comuis 80.0 50.0 169.7 424.1

.7wu.iu Cor-aceu~s 40.0 25.0 5.5 13.7

Spatinaalternitlora 40.0 25.0 1.5 3.8

Total 176.7 441.6

l3ased on ten 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

Table B-18. Reed wetland community data for the secondsampling period (20 July 1981).1



Phragiteacommuni a 80.0 100.0 337.6 844.1

Total 337.6 844.1

tflased on ten 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

Table B-19. Reed wetland community data for the thirdsampling period (12 September 1980).1

R [elltive Total Grams perFrequency frequency weight square


PhragplteaCamo2ia 90.0 100.0 399.8 999.6

Total 399.8 999.6

1laeed on ten 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

48

Table B-20. Reed vetland community data for the fourthsampling period (6 November 1981).1



Phragnitescommunis 30.0 100.0 22.1 55.3

Total 22.1 55.3

1Based on ten 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

Table B-21. Roadside disturbed community data for the firstsampling period (25 May 1981).1



trlplasls purpurea 72.5 49.2 74.4 46.5

SEr eroncanadensls var.

Pt4BiZZUE 52.5 35.6 69.5 43.4

Oenotherahwifusa 17.5 11.9 3.6 2.3

Cenchrustrlbuloides 5.0 3.4 0.01 0.01

Total 147.5 I 92.2

IBased on forty 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrat.

49

A

Table B-22. Roadside disturbed community data for the secondsampling period (20 July 1981).l

I Relative Total Grams perFrequency frequency weight square


Brigeroncanadensis var.PU&7zz e8 77.5 57.4 71.9 44.9

Ammophil abreviligulata 25.0 18.5 51.9 32.4

Cenchrustribuloides 10.0 7.4 2.4 1.5

Oenothera hwifusa 10.0 7.4 1.0 0.63

Diodia teres 5.0 3.7 0.03 0.02

Opuntia compressa 5.0 3.7 3.1 2.0


Total 130.3 81.5

lBased on forty 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

Table B-23. Roadside disturbed comunity data for the thirdsampling period (12 September 1981).

1



7riplasis purpurea 80.0 40.5 82.2 51.4

frigeroncanadensis var.

pusiZzle 45.0 22.8 44.4 27.8


Bragrostis elliottii 15:0 7.6 23.9 14.9

Cyperua ovularia 12.5 6.3 1.8 1.1

Cenchrua tribuloides 10.0 5.1 1.8 1.1

Digitarla sp. 5.0 2.5 0.8 0.5

Total 169.1 105.7

IBased on forty 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

50

- -. . . .. I "l l l - " -11 . ..--

Table B-24. Roadside disturbed community data for the fourthsampling period (6 November 1981).1



?riplasis purpurea 77.5 52.5 79.3 1 49.6

Brigeron canadensisvar. pusillus 40.0 27.1 17.1 1 10.7

Diodla teres 7.5 5.1 0.15 0.09


Oenoehera humifusa 5.0 3.4 0.61 0.38

Amoophi labreviligulata 5.0 3.4 2.0 1.2

Digitaria Sp. 5.0 3.4 1.7 1.1

Total 102.1 63.8I

18ased on forty 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

Table B-25. Bulrush wetland community data for the firstsampling period (25 May 1981).1



Cyperaceae2

100.0 58.9 42.5 105.6

Mydrocotyleumbellata 20.0 11.7 0.10 0.25

Jancus spp.3 20.0 11.7 2.8 7.0

Sagittaria falcata 20.0 11.7 1 3.5 8.8

Lilaeopsis chinensis 10.0 5.8 0.25 0.63

Total 49.1 122.3

1 lased on ten 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

24peroaceae - 60 percent Scirpue vnericanus, 40 percent urern4satrioza.

Junca epp. Ov 80 percent J. 'Jreacius, 20 percent J.megacephalue.

51

Table B-26. Bulrush vetland cmunity data for the secondsampling period (20 July 1981).

1



Cyperaceae 100.0 43.4 65.8 164.4

Spartlnaalterniflora 40.0 17.4 13.2 32.9

Juncus coriaceus 30.0 13.0 1.3 3.3

8oltoniaasteroides 20.0 8.7 15.8 39.5

Seleniumautumnalis 10.0 4.3 7.6 19.5

Hydrocotyleumbellata 10.0 4.3 0.02 0.05

Lobeliaelongate 10.0 4.3 2.0 4.9

Sagittariafalcata 10.0 4.3 2.7 6.8

Total 108.3 270.8

13ased on ten 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

Table B-27. Bulrush wetland comunity data for the thirdsampling period (12 September 1981).1



Cyperaceae 90.0 36.0 132.0 329.9

Boltonia asteroides 30.0 12.0 19.2 48.1


Spartinaalterniflora 30.0 12.0 68.0 170.0

LyfhrWM linear* 20.0 8.0 0.70 1.8

-. Plucheapurpurascens 20.0 8.0 0.20 0.50

Hydrocatyleumbellata 10.0 4.0 0.02 0.05

Heleni m autumnalis 10.0 4.0 10.4 25.9

Sium suave 10.0 4.0 4.8 11.9

Total 235.9 589.9

1Based on ten 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

52

_____________

Table B-28. Bulrush wetland community data for the fourthsampling period (6 November 1981).1

Relative Total Gran perFrequency frequency weight square


Cyperus spp. 90.0 30.0 29.7 74.3

Boltoniaasteroides 50.0 16.7 21.7 53.1


Spaztina

alterniflora 30.0 10.0 73.2 183.0

Lythrum lineare 20.0 6.7 0.10 0.25

Plucheapurpurascens 20.0 6.7 0.11 0.28

Hydrocotylewmbellata 10.0 3.3 0.07 0.18

Heleni maut wnalis 10.0 3.3 15.7 39.3

Sium suave 10.0 3.3 1.2 3.1

Eryngi wmaquaticu 10.0 3.3 3.3 8.2

Lobelia elongata 10.0 3.3 2.1 5.1

Total 147.7 368.1

IBased on ten 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

Table I-29. Sandgrass-buttonweed community data for the firstsampling period (25 May 1981).




Panicum amarum 70.9 43.3 109.0 49.6


Heerothecaqossypina 1.8 1.1 0.01 --

. Opuntia compressa 1.8 1.1 1.2 0.55

AmophIlabrevillqulata 1.8 1.1 0.01

Total 208.5 94.8

IBased on fifty-five 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

53

Table 8-30. Sandgrass-buttonweed comunity late for the secondsampling period (20 July 190;).l




Panicug smarus 70.9 42.9 152.4 69.3

Eragrostiselliottii 5.5 3.3 1.6 0.73

Unioai paniculata 5.5 3.3 2.0 0.91


Total 353.5 160.7

IBased on fifty-five 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

Table 8-31. Sandgrass-buttonweed community data for the thirdsampling period (12 September 1981).1



Panicum amarvi 63.6 46.7 139.2 63.3

fri ororcanadensis var.

pusillus 61.8 45.3 145.9 66.3


Eragrostiselliottii 1.8 1.3 2.3 1.1


Total 300.5 136.6

1Based on fifty-five 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

54

* I

- - --J-_______________________

Table B-32. Sandgrass-buttonweed community data for the fourthsampling period (6 November 1981).l



Panicwn amarws 76.4 37.5 115.4 52.4

Eriqeroncanadensis var.pusillus 52.7 25.8 72.3 32.4

Triplasi$purpurea 43.6 21.4 37.0 16.8

Eragrostiselliottil 25.5 12.5 7.4 3.4


Total 236.8 107.6

lBased on fifty-five 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

Table B-33. Sound-side disturbed-herbaceous comunity datafor the first sampling period (25 May 198).1

iRelative Total Grams perFrequency frequency weight square




Oenotherahumifusa 8.6 13.0 0.90 0.64

Euphorbiapolygoniflora 2.9 4.3 0.03 0.02

Eragrostiselliottil 2.9 4.3 0.04 0.03

Total 6.2 4.4

1Based on thirty-five 0.2-meter x 0.2-mter quadrats.

55

Table B-34. Sound-side disturbed-herbaceous comunity datafor the second sampling period (20 July 1981).

1





zuphorbiapol ygonif1ora 20.0 17.9 0.97 0.69

Diodia teres 8.6 7.7 0.62 0.44

Croton qlandulosavar.septentrionalis 5.7 5.1 1.0 0.72

Digitaria 8p. 2.9 2.6 0.13 0.29

Oenothera huniast sa 2.9 2.6 0.40 0.29

Monarda punctata 2.9 2.6 0.96 0.69

Total 20.8 14.9

leased on thirty-five 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter qurdrats.

Table B-35. Sound-side disturbed-herbaceous community datafor the third sampling period (12 September 1981).1

* Relative Total Grams perFrequency frequency weight square



Digiteria Op. 25.7 23.7 20.8 14.9


eteorothecagossvpina 11.4 10.5 8.8 6.3

Bragroatiselliottii 8.6 7.9 9.5 6.8

Supborbiapolyqonif1ora 5.7 5.3 0.20 0.14

- Panlcum marge 5.7 5.3 0.80 0.57

Croton glandulosusvar.sepCentrlonalis 2. 2.6 1.3 0.93

Diodia tearo 2.9 2.6 0.40 0.29

Oanothera hunlfusa 2.9 2.6 3.5 2.50

Total 57.7 41.2

1ased on thirty-five 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrate.

56

I ! --

Table B-36. Sound-side disturbed-herbaceous community datafor the fourth sampling period (6 November 1981).1

Relative Total Gram perFrequency frequency weight square


Triplasia purpurea 65.7 56.1 13.7 9.8

Diqitaria sp. 20.0 17.0 11.8 8.4

Meterotheca

9o•sypine 8.6 7.3 4.5 3.2

Eraqrastiselliottii 8.6 7.3 3.5 2.5

Croconq1anduloss var.septentrionalis 5.7 4.9 2.1 1.5

Diodia teres 2.9 2.4 0.02 0.01

Euphorbza Ipoliyonifolia 2.9 2.4 0.40 0.29

Oenothere Ihumitusa 2.9 2.4 0.60 0.43

Total 36.6 26.1

t1

ased on thirty-five 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

Table 8-37. Sound-side disturbed-shrub community data for the

first sampling period (25 May 1981).1



Spartinn patens 37.8 36.2 11.2 6.2

.uncus

melacephalus 20.0 19.1 1.3 0.73

Solidaqosmapervirens 11.1 10.6 2.0 1.1

AChilleazxilefolium 11.1 10.6 1.21 0.68

rlqeroncanadensisvar. pusillus 11.1 10.6 3.7 2.1

A00ophil1breviligulaca 6.7 6.4 1.7 0.93

Hieraci us9ronovii 2.2 2.1 0.29 0.16

rimbristylisspadicea 2.2 2.1 0.08 0.04


Total 21.5 12.0

I5&sed on forty-five 0.2--eter 0.2-meter quadrats.

57

----- ----

Table B-38. Sound-side disturbed-shrub comunity data for thesecond sampling period (20 July 1981).1


Frequency frequency weight square


Spartina patens 44.4 21.1 32.1 17.8

Andropoqonvirginicus 28.9 13.7 16.2 9.0

Erigeron canadensis

vat. pusillus 24.4 11.6 11.2 6.2

Panicum fusiforme 24.4 11.6 3.7 2.1

Juncus megacephalus 20.0 9.4 2.4 1.3

AchilleaMillefoliwm 15.6 7.4 2.0 1.1

Solidagosempervlrens 15.6 7.4 6.8 3.8

Fimbristylisspadicea 11.1 5.3 1.0 0.57

Ammophilabreviligulata 8.9 4.2 4.5 2.5

Hieracium gronovii 4.4 2.1 1.0 0.57


EupatoriuanI hyssopifolium 2.2 1.1 0.94 0.52

E. serotinut 2.2 1.1 1.3 0.69


Eragrostis spp. 2.2 1.1 0.05 0.03

Total 83.4 46.3

1Based on forty-five 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

58

Table 3-39. Sound-side disturbed-shrub c~Amunity data forthe third sampling period (12 September 1981).l



Panicup tusiforme 40.0 15.3 16.3 9.1

Spartina patens 40.0 15.3 26.8 14.1

Andropogon

virinicus 33.3 12.8 25.6 14.2

graqrostisspectabilis 28.8 11.1 4.8 2.7

Erieron canadensisvar. pusillus 22.2 8.5 6.9 3.8


Amophi labreviligulata 15.5 5.9 27.6 15.3

Solidaqo sempervirens 15.5 5.9 2.0 1.1

Achillea millefolium 1.1 4.2 1.9 1.1

ragroscis elilottii 8.8 3.4 4.4 Z.4

Pimbrist.lis spadicea 6.6 2.5 0.50 0.28

,upa tori ufhyssopifoliu 4.4 1.7 12.4 6.9

I Hierachi ngronovii 4.4 1.7 0.70 0.39

Cypere ovuZari 2.2 0.80 0.10 0.06

Deenodiwen triotwn 2.2 0.80 0.02 0.01

£zdpa toriwnaerotinuz 2.2 0.80 2.2 1.2

PUMta.ea 2.2 0.80 1.4 0.78

Total 136.5 75.8

leased on forty-five 0.2-mecer x 0.2-meter quadrats.

59

J3

Table 3-40. Sound-side disturbed-shrub community data for

the fourth sampling period (6 November 1981).1

Relative Total Grams perFrequency frequency weitht square


Panicue fusifozme 46.7 17.5 31.8 17.7

Spazeins patens 44.4 16.7 42.0 23.3

Andropogonvirginicus 44.4 16.7 23.1 12.9

Eragroseisspectabilis 37.8 14.2 6.5 3.6

Ammophi l abreviligulata 20.0 7.5 11.7 6.5

Sragrostis

elliottii 17.8 6.7 5.4 3.0

Pimbristylisspadicea 17.8 6.7 1.3 0.74


Hierachiw gronovil 11.1 4.2 1.1 0.62

Solidagosempervirtens 4.4 1.7 3.5 2.0

I Triplasis purpurea 4.4 1.7 0.77 0.43

Erigeron canadensis

var. pusillus 2.2 0.8 0.17 0.09

Total 128.4 71.3

1Based on forty-five 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

60

aII

Table 3-41. Sandgrass community data sampled inNovember 1981.1

Relative Total Grams perFrequency frequency veight square



Diodia teres 5.0 5.7 0.11 0.07

Awffophilabrevillgulata 2.5 2.9 0.28 0.18


Total 1 133.8 83.6

lBased on forty 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

Table B-42." Interdunal marsh coamunity data sampled inNovember 1981.

I



Dlgitaria sp. 80.0 47.1 39.3 49.1



Meterotheca

gossypina 5.0 2.9 0.5 0.63

Spartlina ptens 5.0 2.9 1.3 1.6

Total 52.6 65.8

IBased on twenty 0.2-meter x 0.2-meter quadrats.

61

Table B-43. Oceanside shrub community data sampled24 August 1981.1

RelativeFrequency frequency

Species (percent) (percent) Density

tyrica cerifera 100.0 16.7 25.2

Phytolacca americana 80.0 13.3 --

Solidago sempervirens 60.0 10.0 --

Prunus serotina 40.0 6.7 0.20

Melothria 40.0 6.7 --

Solanss 40.0 6.7 --

Rubus betulifolius 40.0 6.7 --

Physalis 40.0 6.7 --

Smilax bona-nox 20.0 3.3 --

Parthenocissusquinquefolia 20.0 3.3 --

Baccharis halimifolia 20.0 3.3 1.0

Uniola paniculata 20.0 3.3 --

Eraqrostis elliottii 20.0 3.3 --

Chenopodium ambrosioides 20.0 3.3 --

Alunophila breviliqulata 20.0 3.3 --

Spartina patens 20.0 3.3 --

1lased on five 4.5-meter diameter circular quadrats.

62

.............

Table B-44. Sound-side shrub community data sampled24 August 1981.1

I RelativeFrequency frequency

Species (percent) (percent) Density

Prunus serotifls 100.0 13.2 4.0

Rhus radicans 80.0 10.5 -

Smilax bona-noxc 80.0 10.5 -

Vitis sestivals 80.0 10.5 -

Parthenocissusquinquef oli 60.0 7.9 -

RhUS copallina 60.0 7.9 0.20

Rubus betulifolia 60.0 7.9 -

Diospyros virginians 40.0 5.3 0.60

Erigron canadensis

var. pusillus 40.0 5.3 -

Solidaqo sempervirens 40.0 5.3 -

Achilles millefoliw'n 20.0 2.6 -

Baccharis halimifolia 20.0 2.6 -

Galiwn hi spidulwns 20.0 2.6 -

Lonicera japonica 20.0 2.6 -

Pyropappus caroliniana 20.0 2.6 -

Salix nigra 20.0 2.6 0.80

lBased on five 4.5-meter d ismeter circular quadrats.

63

I! I

APPENDIX C

VEGETATIVE PATTERNS

I.|

65 ~U I

--a-

.. .. ... .. .. . . . .

4~7 .- .....- a 7

a~~~ -

10 peren Unoapnc-t

Toa grun -e 95 percen

Fiur -1 Foedn comnt pemnn +i a I

(Lvy 1976).-

a. - 66

di44 SA4k4 ,4,44 4 a 444. AA~ 4~4b 4 JA

j. b, AJ.4 6 j 4

A1 1.. 4~ 4 A4 4 YA b4 4 A 4

I4

44

A~ A 4 " &44 . 4464 .4 44

ALI 1 , h, AL-&I 4A1 24 6.4 A &4L L AAIAa. A b. 44 . A A6A

41- 4 1 A4 A444 i44 I~ .A I.j4

44b1j A4 646 A6 I. A4.44 64i..A

A ALA A . 'A4 444 dAL A.44~ 4~AA

44 A 4 . 4 A 4644 LI4 111 444 A~4~6 d4i4 '&A 44 i .........

,, A 1 A4 4.1 4& 1 ~ 44. A444444&64 44.4464

hk A.4 64 44 6 66164A1'A 'd J A 141. A 4 14 A 4,4AAA . 44 si 4 4444 4 4 - * Ad ........~~44 4~A,.44 4444 1. A i44 'd 44 .....64~4

IA ' a4 44 4.4 44 4 k 'I4. I44

A4 ~ * k &A& 44.2j. 1, 4 -1 4 .4 .4 LA " A, j,& i. l d 6, ,4 " ,..... .:..Ls hI pIA A,~ &I 4444 A 16 i j~

4 4 I A I A~ 6 144 J i.4A

A b k A4bAA*4a 44 46, A4 L, A,".444 A ~ 4 1,A & . .d4 6 4J...........

A.S~4~L .. 4444 4 4 44 646

j.4 .,44 4~j4 , 4446 4

4 4 A.444,44 ..64 H4 4 4 ki

4, 4.4i4 1 444 4.4 4 4 4.4 A 44 1.4 L .- 0 1 4 ........L 4.4 4 1 6 44 444 4 .1 &. 4 44A,4k 144.44 4 A 6 4 ......44 4.J A. 4 , 4 Ai 4 k, L 444 L 1 &4L 44'b Ad A4

44. 44 14~ 4 L 4 4 1~. A44 k,4~.4 ;*.-,4444!*. .. 44444 V-f4-t4. 44 .4 4 44 4 4 4 44 4 44 4 44~ ' 4 A4. "A A 4 , '44, .........AL3.4 AP .44 a AS~ 6 A bAj,. 44 Ali 4 A& ...........4 .44 JA~4: 4 ,4 4 4. ..............

A L".4~ A' 4' A4

Al 4 4 4 1 4 4. 64"~ A~444 4 1.44J~. 4.444 4 A . 1'4 A, ,A I 44 A4 Ad 4S 4 4.4 4 4 4 44 4. 1 A., L *4 &,64~j 6 L a Ad

614 1. . .............

6 414 1 4 A44 4 A AS A.4 ib I4 A~ 4L 44 4 Ak ILid .4A .1 W4. A. ALAI,4 &I, 4444.44 44 £.4~ 7

A. 4 4.4 1.4 1 6 -4 IL A 4 A. A14A41 4.J. 1,&4444 4 44..LA. . L6 4 4 4 .6 4 4 4 . ',,A44.4 6 414 ,o4 I

4A A &A . 4 bj jL 4 d 4A440il hl 4AA

Myr4ca cerifer , 4JA j41A4L1 111 LA4Lt**,,,--

25 peren I1 AdIs t'i808 4 AspI. 'Lisma

-~~~L -. -- -- - .......---- -

7,-

. ... ....

ri 80 percent Untola panizculataLW 20 percent Pantoum annrwn

Total ground cover - 90 percent

Figure C-3. Foredune community permanent quadrat 2

(Levy, 1976).

68

7. . . I. . . . . ........

zI

At -' a. a' . .A a . -o ' a .. a a.A )nA a - . -" -v a. - -" - -

S,,. "at. " . - Il. *.. a n ,a,, a. . , a a. A .,. ,a ,-. a ,,. ...

a:.. . . . - -

60 percent Uniola paniculata

. ' 40 percent panicu Marum

"" A70 percent Paicum aau,..-.L 2 20 percent Uniola pan~iculata

- 10 percent sr Ua bo-a-no


Figur e C-4. Foredune community permanent quadrat 2.

69

.7

aa~ aa a.a. .a - - - -.a a - a...

= a.'.4-. a a 4. ~ -a - - - - a. - - .a~S a a . =- - a* - .a - = -a -- a. a

- - - A.a. .a .. a' a. a a A .,, -* .- - " - a a.a .. a. - aa. .4..-. -

- A.faa. a ' * a .4 .*14. -a a. 4 = -- aa - a - a a a a a -a - a. a

a -- a a

* a a - -, -a. a "4 a a -. - a... '~ a -- a

aa.. - -a a

A. a -

a. - -A - - a a- a - a 44. -- a - a

a a

a - .444 -. .~,** - aU - a-. a -' .. a

* a -- a a. a a

- .4 -a. .4.. - - =

4.b a - a

a~a~X a

- ..,4 -.. 4a - ....

* a a a a -- ... a.

44 44. a -4. a. ~r ,

- a - - . '~4 .'- ... a A a

a - a 44 a. A Z..-a ,~4. A

- a - a. .4.. -a - a a a . . ., "4 aa.a a - -. a, - a. a a.- -- a a a a - a. ... - a. a a Sa a a a a a - a aA a '~' .44 a.- a a.- .4 a a a a. a. a. - -a - - a a -

a a.4..a~aa.aa. -. aa * a a - . Aa a - a a .4. - -. a.... - .. a .a...4eaa ~ .44.4 a.a. a. a a *a ... -a - ~ a .. ~ -a. a a a a a a. a..~ _ aa .4. a - a-fl a. A*14 a - a* .... . a a .4

r~3 40 percent Panicum alm2rum40 percent Anmophil.a breviiigulataLI5J 20 percent Uniola paniculata

* Myriccz pen8ylvanica

~ cYpuntia compl'e8sa


Figure c-s. Foredune community permanent quadrat 3(Levy, 1976).

70

~4 ~

* . A

3? /, -%

4 rf-Ik

90 percent Solidago senpervirenspercent Anonophila breviligulata) percent Mytjca cer-ifera

* .~ 50 percent Alyrica cerifera.i. * 40 percent Solidago aempervirens

percent Amiophila brelviligtulata~percent Spartina patens


L Figtire C-6. Foredune comu~ity permanent quadrat 3.

71

61A

... .. ..... ..-

-7a

10 pecn Unol pan .cu --

Fiur C-7. Lo uegascmuit emnn uda

(Levy, 1976).

-- . - ..72

-l

- - ~ - -. -.

,~ aa. ~* A.- -a a ~a

an -

- -

4~ . A..

~ --- 4a

- - - - a ..

- a .- -

4. - - -- - . .. r - a

- a- a... -

a. -.a~. A. a~

-. - a .- .M.. ~- a - - - a a

a~. ~ - .aa. .a'a --.na Ju~. a - - *- - -. - a.-...........-- - ~ .' a Sn -- .~ pS - - a .. - - a .. ~ a -

* - - aa ~ a a - - -

- a. ~- .-. -a- -~ - - -'a ~a.a

a a

_ a a a.A- a -* .. ~, -

a a~ '...,a a

- 4' ... ~a - a

-. a*. a -- a a* a -~ . aaa - a

a a ~. - a a a. a - -- a n - a

a. -- a a - '~* a a a aa. a a.a a

a a ,. a a* aa aa a a - - a -

aa, aa.a.

a. a - a.a - . - - -.

a a a a* a ~ a a a

- a a a a a - a a- a = a 'a a a a a a Ma a -

- - a a a a a a a.aSaa .a a a -- a - - .a. a aa - a - a a

a - a a a a

a 'a a. 'a- - aaa a a.'aa a- a -

- a a-- a - 4i~g.. Pani virgatwn

cum'a a.

a.

D 40 percent Uniota panicul.ata40 percent Anwnophiia brevi7Jigu1~ata20 percent Eragro8ti8 elliottii

Tot8l ground cover - 25 percent

Pigure C-8. Low dune grass community permanent quedret 1.

73

i

- t*-.A

Void of vegetation

Total ground cover -0 percent

Figure C-9. Low dune grass commnunity permanent quadrat 2(Levy, 1976).

74

I wpm

.... -,A...

Eragrostis elliottii

, = = Panicum virgatwn

70 percent rigeron canadensis var. pusillus20 percent Carex alata

1 0 percent Oenothera hunifusa


Figure C-10. Low dune grass community permanent quadrat 2.

75

T -7". ,-.,..-

1 e.ce Uni ....... '.

- .a. : - -. .- .

-* a . . . . - . . a - . ..

.- -..,, -. .-- - .-.- ," -

T g c 3 5 p

-. 2".2 . '" a ,..o .;. - .

" . --.,

~100 percent Uniota paniculata


-I

Figure C-11. Low dune grass community permanent quadrat 3(Levy, 1976).

76

.. ... . I 2-________ .... _____ . .. . --.. .. . .

4

.a.a~K? - a ~ a ~.- ~ a ~a.a

--. a

a -.

- - -a-A a" - ~'

- -. .* a. -

* - - A - - a-- .

a e.

... a -. a-

- . * a a -- ~a a- a *a ~a A *~ a

* .. a *.a * a* a - *, a a.a

-- _ a a a~4 .a.a

- a - a..

~ a - - A.. . -.a a a aa -'

,4.A& .a - -.a-

-a-- Aa a.

- a .*a- .a

A'aaa

aa

a a aa . a - . -

a a * a a - a.* a a a -

a*~ a a.a -

* aa a - a a- a a~-" a

a a-a-a-a.- a - a a

a - -a a a..a- a. a

* a a a a aa aa a - a-a a

- a - a -a a a - a a

a - a.a,

aA4 .

. -. -a a a --

- a a - -- a- a aa -.

a. - aa - a a

- - -

- - - aa- - . _ - a a

... a a a a a-

s~ a a ,,.~ a a a a

aa ' a a~.a

- a a a aaJ a aa a - a

... a a a .

- a -.... ~a-aa,, .4 a *~a - a -a

a ~.. ,.aV-. a - a a~a a~

..- .a..Z ~a%.aa aa a

aa a- a. a a a aaa A- a - a a-

a a- a- * a

a * a bAa ,ba aa- * ...a - a ,a a. - ~ a. a a a

,.. % a a - a ~ a a ~..., a a a- a a.. a-a a-a- aa,,aA 4 . ,4h~ '.". - aa-

a - .a

- a~d - - a .a a a a a a a 4aiA. Anum~ph1.-La brein~U.guZata

a- a- a a-

a -~a -

2 Panicum vir'gatwna- a a-

a a-

friplaaia pur'pul'GaLj Eriqeron canadeneis var. pueilZ.u8I,Total ground cover - 30 percent

Figure C-12. Lov dune grass coluiunity permanent quadrat 3.

77

4$

~a6 -a a.. _______________________ a- - aM .44 -a. -

-. - - -- a - a -~ a -a a -a6 - aa a a a -a a. *~M - aa a a - a ~' ~ .' - a' a -a 46.a - - a -- a a a - - * a tA' - - -' - a "~ ~ a * A' - a aaa a A4 '~ 6a a a a a' '~ - a. aa a a A' ~6 a aa Ma "' -- -

4'~ A.. ~ a a ** a

a ,2A'~.,a .6 - a. a ~ a - a -a

.. aa.A' a sa..44'6 .6 - a a' a aa. - " a. a. a a

4% 6 - A' . a '4£. a* A' - a. -'4% " - -a a .d'6 Aa -. ' a.. aM A' - a - A'. a - a.. a ~ - a a aa. ~'4'a a -a .'~a a.aa. *, ,, ~ aa.a .44aa

- aaA'a .. 4 a. - - a. .a. a. a.A' - *6 a -~aAt ~ ,.6 a.4. aa A'

A" - " ,,. a '. 6a.. 4. 'a.'4 .. J~ - .44 a. a.'... - *a. 'a .4'. 4444* - a .~', a ' . aa a.aaA'a'aa. ... ~ 6 a a A' ,, -

'a a '46 'a.~, a a --. haa..

~ a a a aaa.'a a '4 ' a - .'4a. - *4'~ ~4 - .4.

'4. A'a - a a - . a a. - *.a a a A'

a - a " a'4

' - .4%a a *a - .4...- .aa a aa a A'44' .4 6 ,.. .44. ".aa Ma. a a a

.6 46 -A' A' '4k-a. .'.' a- a. .6a .~'-' a a .. .44"'A' ~ a a A' a a. a a. a.

a a a. at.aa aa. a. £44 a a -a a 6a a - '4'4 - - a. .. a.r a'a a. M a~ A' a a "~ a. 6 .44 '6a - a a a * 4A' M 4 a a..

- a a -- -'4.a 4 - 4~ .* .* a. .4". a. a..a - a a '4'- .44

a a. a M 'a' a a ~ a

- a - 4 ' '4MA' Za.a "4 a ' .. a.' a .6

- a A'~ a a a. - a....a a

a 'a~ - a '~ '~ a.

a.. a£4 a'4 ~' a

a. a. t.. ~.. .444

ElI 100 percent Untola pantouiata

E M}ynica pensylvanica


Figure C-13. Oceanside intershrub community permanent quadrat 1(Levy, 19/6).

78

a, .~ a. a a -a. ~a, a - ~ a. - - ~ - a, a .a a - A' - a, -- a,,a, .. ~ -z -~ ~ --

- ,~.' a, a a a~~a aaa, aa - a a, a, .a..A.,a a

. -~ a, a A' a A' a aa D~a, -a - aa, a'~.a a,7 ~ - a .a a a a a, a. a '' A. ,,.' a __ a - a, a a, a a, - a. ,a

a A. a =.a a a a a, a a.a. aa

- a a a, a a,,a a - a, a a, a a a~ - a, a ~ a A' a. a, a . a

a, a a, aa,, - a a a a ~ a a a a .~ - aA' A'a,. a.

~ a a a. a A' a a a a. a a ~ .a. a. ... ' A

a a - A'A' ,a a .a

a. a ~ a ,a a a, a ~ -~ ~ a a a - a - a~ ~ - a,* a,. a a a - . . a a '~? a a a a a a

aa a"~ ~ a aa a a a ~ aA'~ .- a a, a aa a,

- a A' a ,a a a .a a a~a ~ a a - ~,a

~.a, aa .aaaaaA'a~.. a a aa a a a't ,~ 'as -

a a a S a - a * -- ~ a, a .. ~ b. - a - - .a a, a, a 2.a a

'a a - a ~a a a.a .- ~.a -A.'A'a

a, a a, a - a - - a - a - a a a>. a' ~ aa,.a a, a a a ~ ~ a aa

a, a a a, a a - .*a a a A a - - a a -. a, aa... a a a' a ~ a a a a a - - a a - a, a

A~

a

.'aa

a,

a, * .a. aba a - - a~ a, a - a a ,.,. a -- a a a

* a ,~ a ,~ aa a ~ a . A'. a a.a.~ a a a'

- aS a a a a a aA' a-an .4-

a. a as ,. a a a A' a, -. a a% ,a a a a aa a a a -a a, a.a,~.' a, ~,a. a a a . a a a a a, a' a - a a a a a. a

a a, - a a a a .&&. a A' a a, = , - a a. .a a a -~ a ~ a. a. A~

~.. sa a . ,. a ~ a a, a, ' a a A a a a a a a a a a a a . a a a a

a, a a aa, a a a a * a - Z- : - .a a. a, a a. A~. a, ~. a a a, A' a a a A' a a .a'a. .. a a - a, a a a a, a ~ a

5,a a, a a, ~ a. * a A'

a, -a

-a

i< a

a,

a,,, .a a

aa a

aa a,

a.

5 5 A -4- a a a a ~.' - - -. ' ~ a ,~ta '4- a .a.' ,. ,a.-

a a . ~ A' a a, a - a , , a * a a,

.a * a, - a a a, aa, . a, a A',, , aa,. 4-2 a ~a, a - a ,.-.'a - a a 4~ a, a '. a a aa a a a, a aa a,

a - a a, a - a a - - a. s,.' a a aa *" a a,,~a.

a a a a - - a a a a a A' * a a a, a 4- a a a. a.a.

a a, A'

a,..'. a: a_ * .a a a.

a. a a a . a, a a a a a. a a a. at - a -.

- a.~ a a A. - a. a a a a a a. a a a a a .. a. aa, a, a. .a -.

.'~ - a, a a a a a a -. a a a, - a ~ a a a a -' 4-a -

a A' a - a, a. a a aA' aa,- a, a a a - - a a ~a

~ A.' a, a a - a, - a a,. a a 54- a ~. a. a

a - a a ~ a,~ ,..~ a - a,,,* a, a a a a,..... j' A.a a. a ~ a, A. a ~ ,,a-a.

a. a a -a a a

* - a a a a a, - a a - ~ a ~.. .4- - a - a a - a a ,.. a a. a A' ~ a.

-aM a = AaJaa a a a a aaa...a .** as..

a .. a, - a,

a aa, a, a, a a a, Aaa a

a a a a a a a a a,.

~ ~ a * ~ a aaaa a,.a, a .. ~

a a.a. a aa,. A - a. 4 - a, a,* = a a.

a . - a - 4.'a a. A'~ 'ta, .a a a a a a a a

4-. a a. a aa a,,,,a, a a.a a, a ~ 4- a - a a.

a ~*' ~a. - a, a a.'.' a. a .4-. a, .~ *aaa, a ... aaa, a".4 -

AM, a, a a.

- - a - a a. a a,

aA'.a a ~ ~ a, ~ ~ . ~

a, A',.' a ~A' a, a a a,.' a aa. .~ = a a a a

~ A 4- a a 4- a -. a a'a

*~.' ~ A'

a ~ -

a a a -. a .5. ~ aa,

'."a

=~ - * a, .a t5. a a"A' aa 4.' ~.. ~ a, a -

-. a a a, a a, a a ~ a, - a

a,- a aa! ~a aa, a, a a a a

a a a aa.4 -

a ~

a a a a ~a. a, aa* a. aa,

aM, a a a a. aa a . a, a. a a - - -

a. a, a a a.' a a. * 4 - a A a a a .4-

A'a"a~ ~ a.a.A~ a _aa, a

a a a4- a.a, aa M a a a a a a. ,a a. a a -a

a a a a, a a. a a a,

a a - .. ~ .' a a - -. a a aAmraA

a.' '~ -~ - . A a a a 4 .' a 4-- ~

A -

a, - -4 a. a a a a ~ a. a a a a a

A' a, a a, Z a A'A' 4 -

A' a. a a a,a.,,,,, A a ~a aa, a,

aA a.'a. a a, a a,"' ~ 4-. a - a a a

aa * A a - - a a,

a, - a a ' .a a, - a a . a a a, a a f' - a,.' a~ -. 4

90 percent Panic~um c~narwna 10 percent Spa.rtina paten8


Figure C-i4. Oceanside intershrub community pe maflent quadrat 1.

K -I.

44.a.

.. . ." "-.-. ". . , -. - ' .""- a.-

. ...... .: - - ," -. ,.

100 percent Uniola panicutata

Total ground cover 40 percent

-'a

Figure C-15. Oceanside intershrub community permanent quadrat 2

(Levy, 1976).

80

~ C:

- .r AV 4N

r If(rp'

4,4

Mica cer'ifera

- 40 percent Eragyostia elliottii

20 percent Heterotheca gossypina20 percent Solidago serpervirens20 percent Uniola paniculata

Total ground cover - SS percent

Figure C-16. Oceanside intershrub coummunity permanent quadrat 2.

Tal gruoe - 40 peren

Figure C-17. Oceanside intershrub community permainent yiadrat 3(Levy, 1976).

82

* If

0.. * '. - o. : -****a*a ** * o o . o .. . ~.0 . . -.. . 0

o ~ *.. ..*. *t a . .. * a .o a.* o. ao a Ia o. o' o a o' a ~ o a

* ~ ~ ~ ~ o * o'~* o'- ** *o. a a a a aa a a* **

***~~~~~~o ** **

o. *

a0 * a.*aa a

15 pecn *nol a aa ia ** a.

..a: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ... a..a.....a.............. a. a : *a *. a a

o" -4 iJ..,

J46

4L Ls.

~* ~:* A' "; A s

A- %~j~~L~~M '

A I

484

tW W

_

91.0

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ L2S -4 A.-~~. ~ -.... % ~ Ij* 9

"~~

9. * ' ,4L I. 1%- 0.9~ 999.9

99 *99 i .Z-0

Ss. -9- ~ * 9-~9-9 -

... ~., ~ s.~~-~ ~ 9-t

9.9 99 ., 9 L AJ9

9j~'9*~4 '

9'? L V. . - V

OL t. Y 9

,.,

I . '9.. . ~ ~ '" 9 . 9'-".9~ '9 9j.9

.9 * 9

_j99' I. t%.4,.'9 .. I ", 1*., V -.

;9 Y . -( '* 0- .. ,9

"1. ~ ~ 4. f-99%..

9(4 ~ ~ k A.i* 'I X. t * ''.9 9..

9.~

99 tt * -~ ~ ~ 999*9 - . -. 99..99 '

4L 0.

44

Toa4 roncve 8.ecnToaVrtdcve ecn

-'~~I Fiue-..Oe iesrb omnt emnn udAt 1

"A"5 ~

- .- --. -- -.- "IL

4- I~. - w -

- S. . , % L%6.% ~ '*

A. a. L #3 4

aL'r L ok St.~

5.-I. '5 *

6.1 ;S.x 0.%.W M t

It -V J

Total crw6cvr -00prcn

Fiur I-21 Ocasd shru cou-t praeT' %uda 2

(ev, 196)

- .4 A- 1;.-- -- ,

o.:.41 .0: 0 *I

*.. 00 .*.*.*.. .0 00 00 00 go 000 .0

0*. 0 *00*so 0. 0.0 .. 0 0 0

do - doO o .0 *,Oo 0 .0:o.:

.0.. .... ... s .0 00 .:.. 0 oo.000 oo 00 0"00 00 0* 0. 0

*0. 0.... .0 0.....o.0 00 *0.. 00 :.. o.. *:. .. :: ..

0 0 0 t ds0 -00o dt-000 0.70 ** 0.0. 00 "0.0 -0 s00 .00*000

s ~0 0 00. 004 00 00 00d - d

000 000 00 s0000. . . . . .. . . .. . . . 0

0o .0o0 o ~ oo ~ . *0.0

0 0. 0. 0

-. 7- -sdd o *..- -s. 0o0-0. 0. 0.0 0. .0 0. *. *o. - do* 0.0 -*: ds o--d

O 0~ 0 00. ... .0 .0. 00 ...... :...do:.o. **

-0 0000000.0..ses'so0

do000. 00 * . . .0. .... 000 0o . so o.0 -

0 0 0 0000.0..0.... *..*

do.0 :. : . 0 0 .d ... 0d.0 0. -00 0 o 0 . do do *'

0..P. .0 so 00.0000

00.0.000.0 *. 0..

o . . . . . .** :. o:d

~o : 40 percent I/etet'otheca gossypina25 percent 7rip Zasis purpurea

o *o 25 percent Uniola paniculata10 percent CyjIe-rus haspan

J Total protind cover - SO percent

Figure C-22. Oceanside shrub community permanent quadrat 2.

-. -. -~87

.41.., '1-

4Z!, :7 Nt t" UA

~~~~~~~~~- "Z % 'h ''.. % .jt& jUt. .A* kit *-in.* '' 'j . "A;4s.&% 6Li.' S u z-

C -CC

* ~ -. ~ t s1'k . . . , 46 .

.11I As ... 4 W4~ 4 . 4 .46- I .... dL' *

La ~. 'L ~ * ' ~ L S*'* ~ ~ - ~ It

x

A.. swy'k .t-' ~

S~E

kq~id "t4

Y.-Tota c.mcoe 10pecn

(Levy, 196)

4L 1 IL !88

-----------------------------

tA(A

LL~

A%4.-

1165

5 S ~ * lp. t. S . 4 -%

f- -A R.*.;.MS5~ .. ~i.(j~s~

L44~+;

*16

Tolal crownLC covr 9 ecn

-S-

4L.

a -" .- - • - ...a.""~ + * ,,

I " - "" '+

- - . .*. .,

* -,, . a..o - h

+ : . -" " T.-"- . " - -

- 2 . .. .- -:.

a ..* .-..

A..

{ -. = -- - = . "Al a -. - .,- +"+

Toa-run oe 3aecn

Ia

a A

I

- a.a

- -

- a - - a. a~: --* a - .. .

-. - a a- =- - - - .. -. a -,.. -

a a .a a .,. - a a -~ a- - a -

a a.- - ., a - -a a

- a a - a -- a a a - .,.. - - a- a a. a. - -

* a . a~ a -

a a a -- a. a. - a- a a . * aa -~ a -

a a a-a. a'

a - a- aI-~ - a

a a- a

4Eragrostia eLliottii

* a. -~a..-. ~

Panicum virgatwna a

~-- '~' A.

m Erigeron canadensis var. pueilius


Figure C-26. Planted American beachgrass coumnunity permanent quadrat 1.

91

K__ -- . -- - ~------,

a . .. a .. a' . -M

10 eret a pia- bei gua' a

Tota grou. a oe -30a percent a

* -. -

Fiue-27 lne Aerica be Mgas .oauita erann

uad t 2 a -Lev, 176)

!a.9 "

Ii I lll ml I i III mma |mmm mt ... . ... . .. ........ r,, M,

I

,..~a a "' -. --

p. - - = - a - a - - - -

-a .0. a-a~~

MA-' .a 'a - a - - -a - * a ~ -* ~ a' a - a - a - * - a an - ' a _ a a'~A. a a a a -. a a Oa a -

a a a - a - ' - ~ a a - a - -. a a a-. a ~a~Aa - .0* - a ... - a - *a aa ~.0a .- - - a

- a - A- M - - Ab a . a a. a a a a ~ A-p. a - a , a a~ a,,,~ -

a - a aa .a aa - Ma. aa a-a'A- A- a fi .0 - ~ - a a a.~ , - - a a a a a a - a a A- '~ - .M. - Ala - ~ a aa a aa . .0 a A-a a a. a - -.,. a - - - a A- -. a a .~ - - a a~ a a. a -a .a aa - a a a A-

a * a a - .a a a = a A- a ~'*. a-= a *A- .a a .. ~ I. A- A- a .. ,aa a a -

-' -. a a a a ~A. a...M a - .0. 0 A- a .o a % a - - a .. Ma ~ a -~ -. p. ~:' - - a aa a ~ ' a - - a -

a a - a aa a a a a a aa a - * aa a - - - a * a . - - a aa - a a - - - a a aa a....~ A.-~..0 a ' a - ,~Ma - a a a - aa - a * a an a. a

a ~a - - A- - A- a a a - a' a - a - a~ - a .~ .0 = a aa A-. A- sO a a a -a a ~ a a a . a a a . A- a a - - a A. .a a a a.a.0 A a -'..- ~ A- - a - a - aa a a

a a a aA- tao a a aa'. A a a a a ~. - a a -- a - a a ~ a a A.a -- - a a 0.0. -~ a a- a a A- naa nA-sb ~ a., n j.' -A- .Aa a aa - - a A- asa a A-- A-. a.

0 * a a a - -~ a~ a a * A-

a a a an - .A4 ~a~ a - Ma aA.

- a a ~ aa . A- a -. - - .0 a -. - a a - - aan a d~~M.a a a a a a .a a *A. - a '~. - ,~ 00

~ * a ~ 5. A. a a. .A. a .a~ a a _ a a- a-aA- a~aA - ... a a. ... A- s.. . .0as, *,~ a A- -a aa..a 0. a ~ . a .~* 4 A- a s~-~" --

A- A- a- A-..~ -aaaaaaaaaaaaaa*a a a a a'~--. a .0 a.. -. = a ~ - a ,* .0A- . - a a A-a aM aa - '~ = - - .n .~. - a a

abA-a* a~ ap - A. -~ A.~ = a

oAt ' aaA.sb A. a a .~ sA-aaa.aaa

a 14 a.A- Ab<"'aA' . a a .0 - .a

A a - .. ~ -. ...5 '~a a A- ~ .. 4 aA'%'-- - a a = a ~ a S~ a .Ab - aa.A.aaA- a ~ ~' -a *.... a,, a a a sa a "~ a. - a .0. a a a - '.. a. a a.a *~ a ,.s.A.* a .14A..aaaa

- ~ a ~

a a. .A.- A- A.

.a. A~.-Z

an - a. - a.

A- a a. a a ~ a a. A- a~ - -* a' ~ .0_ a a.a - b,~ - ~ 4 Ab a - aa.00 a ..a a. 0 aA- - ,,~A-' a.nM a. .s.MoP. -* n .. a 0,,.* 0 a~ a aa A.. a- a *4 A-U. , . - a ~"M aA.. a a .. a<' a .n .0

aAt.a~b 'a.,"' A-.~'' n - =-A. - a. a .. a a - - .. aA- -.,aa ,. - A-. a. a a A- ~ .. ~ a a a a a ~ a. a a'.a'aA- A-. a .a .~ ~ ~ -* a a

aa A-aa. a A. a a 0 . aa~. 5 .~a ~ .~ aA-~

0-a~a ~ aa. a. ~ ~ a a a a a a aa a A- a A- a p. a - A. a A- a a - a :- a a - *4 16 0a. a- A= A-a~ A.s a a a ~ a aa - - ~ a A- .aa a A- A. A- . a

a a' 0A- A- aSb A- a A- -' ~ aA- ~ a ~"' "~. - ~ a .'~"'Am. M. a - ~ A- aS a - a a - - a a , a -

A- a - A-. a se., a a .a ~., a .% a a - MA- - a a A-. a ~ A- a a -a A- a a a a a, a a a a. a a a A. a a .4 a aa a.a~a A-a a.aA- flap. aa.A A- ~ a a . a a ., A- a - - a a a A- a ~ .a a a'":1~.2 ~ .: ~ 'Ia -

a - a a a, A- a a - a a a aZ A.' a~ ~~a A. ~ "~b. '-"Ma a a A- a a a a a A- a A- a a

At. a a a'a a a a .a a -. A- A-- A- aa a aa A- - a .~ a A- a a A. -aa, a A- a A- ~ a A-a a A- a A-aM. ~ "-:~- - .zsb,~" -::a:~.:~~::~ a"a!~A 0* a"' .. '. A- a a a ~a A-,'. a

- - a a a = .a A- .A- ~ a a a. - ~ a"' ~' a a. ~ .0 a a a a- a a A- A- a a. A-a ,a, A- ,- .a A- a. p. a. a a. a a a a a a. a p.o

A- a = .A- a a A- a. a a .n. a a' a ,.A-... ~ a a a. - a . a a a.a'.

.~ -' *a a A- A. A- a. a aA-. - . - a a . ..~ A- A-.,, ~ 4a ~

a .0 ~

~ 0 95 perceIIL ~ pza'pureaa a

~ A- a, 5 percent Diudia t'irginica

Total around cover - 20 percent

rFigure C-28. Planted American beachgraes cowiununity per~Tianent quadrat 2.

93

I.'~55~-

p - - - - -...-. a-- -'-. ~.....- ~~0.~.... .,-. ....- -

- 44....... .- -- -

a. 4 4.,

,-..- - , . .,-; -

.* ,, . . 4 ,

Toa rudc r-. 20 percen

.. 44. 4.44

i '-'" ... III .... 1'II .... .... . .4 ' 44 ' - _

. -2 -

.1 Panicum virgatm

50 percent Cenchrus tribuloides50 percent Triplasis purpurea


Figure C-30. Planted American beachgrass community permanent quadrat 3.

95

.4.

%4 z

Tota grun oe - 45 pecn

Figure ~ ~9 C-1 lntdbtercn Pancum ommnarupm ann

quadrat I (Levy, 1976).

96

AD A127 3 EEVALUATION OF VEGETATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS AT THECENRC (COASTAL ERGINEt..U) PEER CONSULTANTS INC

UNCLASSIFED OACW72-81-C-01 NAG ROCK EM ARO AR3EC

EnhmhohmhEmhEEEHEEHELTmoomo

I3

1111.-5

- IIUI L3

1" 13

11111L4 1.11111I6

MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHARTNATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS- 963-A

i

I,€

I

a/

t " :~~- a""q':

-. oo -

* . a. -eeo. eagsspn

-I I- -S0pre. *go ~~ae~ vr.p 8

L.a

a.a- . - - -'--_ ." _ _' " - ,---.. -.......- - -

a'-. . . . .,

* . -o. - a . . .. ... .--

. ......- . ..... - , a ,, -;L ' -

a ... -a . . .- = .

"- ...- a-- a" .. " ;.:'L

- - - ,,-, .... ...

at a. -:- 9Spren ai.naa

~~~~~.. 5 ecnt mp-abe~lgl

]-

Tota grund ove - 3-pecen

,- a

a --.. - -... . ,

a -Z

, I

-a"..". ..... ..,,

- Aria cerifera

? Panicum virgatwm

a90 percent Carx alata

;[..___J 10 percent Erigeron canadensia var. pusilhips

- Total ground cover - 30 percent

"Figure C-34. Planted bitter Panicum coominity permanent quadrat 2.

99

,

......... ..

.; ,. . ... . ." " •

580 percent Pan.cwn amarw -

i 20 percent Awwophila breviligula


Figure C-35. Planted bitter panicum comity permanent

! quadrat 3 (Levy, 1976).

100

-. 1

t4

80.. peren P"iu anwunI

20 prcen Anmphii breilig~at

- ,. - - .. - - S.- a a. ' - - a -db tO - - .~S a a.- . a ~ a =a = a aa a .a -

a ~ -* = -*a - a a *- - a . a

~a a a.aa A.' - a

P - -. as. a A

a ~a fl- - * -. -. a -.a -~ a a -

.~aa.~'a -~a a ~ - a aa - - aoaa' .~aaa- - A.- a-- .. - . - aa Aaa a a a .a. - a a a a aa a a a a fl a aa a a a aa a a a a a aJa a aa a a -a aa.

a

'~ a.

a aa

aa.*

.a a a-. a .a a a.a'5 a a *. a .a aa a ~A. P a ~ a -a a a a. a. a a a. a a.a aaa.a a.~ . a a a a~ ~ aa ~- a a a a .. a a a Ta. a a ~a a a a

eb a... - a:..aa .aaaa * a a a AA. - a.a a * - - a a a a a aa. a - a ..~ a '.. a a a __ aa .. a a a. a a a a a a a a~ aa aa *. A. a a a a a - a - aa A. a a a a - a a A~ a a -a a - a a a ~' aa, aA. a a. .atj.. a a a a a a a' -a. A. a a -. a. a a .a as ~as a - - A. aaa a a aa.a - - ... ,a. a a a -~a a - a a - a a a A a a a -- a a. A. .a a --. a a a a a a a a a - - - a a a. -~ a a 5 - a * . a a .. a a a a - A a a - aa a a a a a - A.. a a tA.. a - a a a a- a .a a a .a a. a. a a a a ~ a - . ,* .5 .a a aa at . a a

* a a aaa. .;*~~5 ae a a a. a a a .. a. ~ ~ -a. a - a A.A.a. a aa aA. a ... a. a a.* . a .. a - a, a aa -. a a a. ~ A. a a - a a .. -. a a a- a .. a. a a. a - a a a - A. a .5. aa . a a - -..a ~ - ~a a .a. a' a a -. A.a - a. %. a .% a a a a a a - ~. a a - -- a a a a a. a a a. . . * .a aa - ~a a a .. ~aaa a aa a - a n a..a a a a a __ a aa a

- a a - aa - a. a - - . a a a a A.- a a a a a a ~ a.a - a-. a ~ a a ..a. a. a ,..a. -.a a a a. aa a a - = a

a ~' a~ - .aa

~ virgatwn

- .. a..

~ 50 percent Caex atatabrevi~igz4ata

30 percent Anu~iophiZa20 percent Eri6er'on canadeneis var. pueiLlue


FigUTe C-36. Planted bitter panicum community permanent quadrat 3.

log

i _

-Z

- 6 a ...7

90 percent Triptasis pta'purea10 percent Panicum anw'um


Figure C-37... Sandgra ss- butt onveed community permanent quadrat 1(Levy, 1976).

102

-~-~k 40.. &. .. . . . .

i 'a, - - -. - = ' a. -" , - -I , a -,. a - - - m* - .w .- m a -a1- a.. - a -a a -' . . .. .a - " 1f

u - _ * - - . . .. . .. a. a. .. -a . ... .- a . : .' ,. ., .

-. I-

a,- ." . - - . -- a.. ,- = " a ,, -aa a, ,a a.. - .a ,a a,~~~~. -,.. . .- .'a -, a a,, - .,., a a. * a , A a

a -... .. - . . . .. . -- " - _ " " a a" a" a. . . a - " aa

.. a.. . .. .. a.. . . . . a ... . .. I

a j.., 7 ecn Pa -u 'ma a a a um-- . 25a pecetErgeo cana'ni a r. p asil *-* - ecn Eraosi ael 'alioa a -i

Total arun aove - 2 ecn

§ .

... ... = .. ..... .......... ,,,,- .. a , . a

'a 'a- .. ~.a 'a- a - a. 4.a - a -. - a - -a ~'a a. - A La~~.a aa

a~~~ T -.a 4 aa'.,

a a~~O a. . = .A a a aa a aAa

-. a .- a a4~ a - - =a.Z*

-. ~~~A. . ' . ~ ~

70.aa pecn Pa a 'a a cma . a. a a-a u

25 pecn argeo a - a a a a a v~- aa a a.a. aa~ a a . . ta a a

a~~~ peren .a . a a. - a e' l a *a .ta . S a

,~ -~ - a Ttal grun aoe a 25. percenta .a a a.

Figre - a Sandgassbtowe co t aemnn quadrat 1

-. a ' -a . a~ a'a - a a a.a103.

El. I~I~

4t I

- .a ~-a., a -

.44 a.44' a .44'. * .4..a-44 - a -.a - - - -

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a -

aa a a -

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-- aj .4' a. .44'~ a - - - .444.a - 4 a a -

a. - - a a a - a.4.. aa a - - .* , ~. . . ... a

- a ..

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a a 4' .,*.. . .4.~ 44.

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- = - ,* .4.

l.a. 10 percent -'-4..

E 90 percent Trip Zaa'LO purpureaPanicwn anv.wum


-aI.

Figure C-39. Sandgrass-buttonweed community permanent quadrat 2(Levy, 1976).

104

-. . Am.."---'--.-- +- ...,-- . . ~ ~ __ -

A. 4 .l. .. A. A+.l A. A. A .+ f

- ". . i . A . .

' ,i ./t. ii, a.k A. A . iA. A . ~ , ,. A , A 1,.. AiI.~ . . A._

.A +. .. ,1..= .A. - A. .,A+ A.i+- '-

A.. ,i + A.S. A. .+41 .+ A. A. A. A.. .Al.4 .A .I + . . A . .4. _ ... . A . .. .A A

A. ..., . . . . . . ...". ,,. .

.. , -:.,. . -.. 40 p rcen Ei A.lAo .ca.' A A. . 8 at. - A". A.

A. otAa. . -. grun cve - 90 percent a A.

-igure S-40 Sendgrassbuttonwee commnit -emnn qdat .

jh A A .A . A A

A. A a a1A0- a

A. A. !

-~~ a7 .t .

a ~ a a - 'a

a. a . a a'

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z'M a

a - -aa ~a a "T

5aA peren Amohl bei guat- AZA

aoa grun coe 95.. percent

:Fig:re C-41 Sadrs-bto e comnt pemaen quadrat

(Lvy 1976a

-' -a-6

a. a .. ~ a A. - - - -a. ~* - - St - -. ~a'~at~ ~O- a. -

A- A- a ~. -- -. ' a. *~ * - - -. _ an

a a * - a At -. a a.. -

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a a a A.~. a

A- . a. a a

a

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A- ' .*a. a a.am. - A-aMa a.'~a A- A- a a -. ... a ~,a. a -

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.. ad.. ~ -~ - a a a. a

- a a a a a a a - -a. a a. - a a a. ~ a A-nA- at - a a a

a - a ~ ~ -- - a ' - -n a.

a a - a - - a = .'t a - -

a a a *a - - a aa. - a .a a - a - A- a a.a taa. A-n. - A a. a a - a a ,aaat

a * - a - a a a

A- - a l. a a a a *4 a a aA~t - *l. -.

a a C A- a M a a ana a A' - a a

a a,. a. - Ad. a a a a a,' -. , a a a - - A-A. A&

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* ~ a .. a.~ a a a - A- a a aaA. *

a A-A- A. A- a a. a.

a a. a a a l.A' = a a a aaA'A. - a

a a a an a a C..DtA&

a..Ak - aa ~ = a a a a a a.. ...

a .= ~ - a. a - - .a -.

~ a~>...~2n: a a .:-; a .. A.a a

a. A.

-- pl. * A' - ad.. - -

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a A-AteA- S~ aa a A-

- at A' A- a a. ~- A. - a a

- A- At a aaAtA-A.A- a a A-as.. a. A-

a. - A- a -at a - - a a a - =~ a a ,~,, A'

a. " . a a - ~A-aSAt - - -~ -

44 ~a. - a ~ A, a.... a At ~A.t A-a a - a a A A.AA- ~ a

a a~ a a.*.a A. a a. A- -

a ~A. A'%. At a A- - *4 a nasa - .aa - a'

C A-a ,.&aa .. a- ,* a A. at~*. - a. - a a a a - an - a - a

~ ~ a aat a~ *.. -- a

a. a'. a a - . - a a a a

~ aa.. a a a. a A- a A-

.4. aa. ~ ' ,a a a~ a. A~ a a.*A'...a. A A- a - a0 na. an

a. a. at a' a A'* a - a. a a a.

a. a .a - a~A.t is - - a a *- aa. , ~ 5A

- a a A- .* ~ a - - a d. A-n a A' aD"~ JA.4 a a a fla - . a a ~

-' a a~ aA-* - *a a - a. a a a a. a a ~ a a ~ a a a

a a. a ~ A-a Aa A'.~' a a at a a.A- a

A- a - a a a.~a ,a * ~ .a aa.- a a At % a

* . -- a . a - Ca. A-A- ,A- ,aa A-a. - At- - a a a a A.*A.* A- A-a *% a ~ aA- -a A- -. .. t At -.

I a - a.. *. a a a A- a a A- - a a ~ a A- a a a a A- a a a

a ~* A. a a ,a a a a a ~ a A- - a a Alt a a - ~ a a

- a a ~' A- ~ ~ a ~ A-a. ,~,. A- a A. a a a a. aA- a. *4 a. A- a __ A- A' a a a A-A- a.~ a. A-A- ~':... a a -.a, .- a.

a a .16 - Ca a ~ a A.% a a a

-. * a ~ a a a - <a a a aA-p4 a a a a,,.. ..a a.~ a. - a

na ~ -~ ..a *. A- a- ~ a A- A= A' a a a a -a ~* a a

a - : aTM - Zt - A-a a *A- ~ 1 6 a a - a aA-a ~ a a - a'

'al-A... a. - -.

At a A- A-

a. ~ .' a 4 - A- A- 'A- a a a A-a a A' - A-

A- ~ A- a ta a. - ~A- A' a a ~ a a. a. a a a a A-~ A-a a a' A-La .~ ~ a -. a a a - a a. -.

a. a.- - a. .a.~ A- a A-a. ~A- A-~ a a p 4 a -

a aa. a - ~ A-.aa ~ A- a aa A. A- a a A- A- a n a a

A- ~ a. .a .a = aA- A- A-A- a - a A- At a A- A- a a.a a.. 4aa a a AA- A- = a A- a A-

a .a~ a a a a A. at - AA-A A- a is '.a. a .a a - a a a....

.aa A- a .'.. a a a. a A- a A' ~ a a. a a a.. a A- a.

a.' 50 percent Erigeron canadensit9 var. pz~sillusa a

zA~ 30 percent Panicwn amarwn10 percent Anwiophila breviiigulata

10 percent Eragroetis etiiottii

- ~ 30 percent Era gro otis elliottii

C a. 30 percent Em.gerOfl canadeflaiilvar. puaiilua-A-a a.' 25 percent Aimnophita breviliguZata

f A 15 percent Paniown conarum


Figure C-42. Sandgrass~huCtOflWeed cow~vnunity per ~aneflt quadrat 3.

107

----- a--

- - -- ~---. - - -a

-i I ii- -

"" - .- .;:"-; :. . a: i -

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.... - -: , " . " . "= ":I." i ! . " . . . " . ..

5o percen aziZzi pt -pd.

Toalgrun coIer - eren

.:evy, 976)

h.0 . -

* F

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a, *a- a-aaa. a- a. a - ~ A .A.aa.a. a, a. ~'. a '~ - a-'a a a-'.~ a- a- a- ~....a a-a aa-,, .a-. -a.. a.a- a.

~ ,a- .a aa.~ a- a- a a ~. ~~'a Aa-~S - a-. a- ~ -~ a a-~ -

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a-, -~ 'a a- ~ a-a.~h.f a- a-a- a. a -~ a-. a-'~,, a-. a a a a-.a-a

a-~ ava ,~ a - a- a a - a-

a a-

a- -~ a.. .a ~ a-,a.~ a- a- .a a-~ 'a-' a. -~ . ~. a. aa- a a a- a. a-a-a- a. a ~ ~ -~ a.a- aaa. a- *'.. a-a-a-~ a a-. a - a-'a~a-- a-,~a-a- ~ a -AS a- a. a- a- a.

a * ~ a- - a * - a-a a.A aa ~a- p. ,.-~5

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a a ~ a a a - a .. a-... - a a~. a , a a a a

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a. A. aa- AS - a "'a a - a a a - .aa a a a a a a.a- a.t.a flb. a ~4 *Aa *a a a - A. * * - a a- a- -. -

a

a a- a . a- a a

a-

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a-aa- a- a-~

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a a- a-* a a- a a a a a a a -

a."' a a-

a a- = aa a .a- a a a a- ~ - a a a a- a -~ = a a a - a a

a a ~ a a-wa- a a ' a- a a - a. .a - - a a a __ a- a- a- a a- -

- a * a-a- , a - - pa a a a a. a a- a a a a a- a - a- a a -~ a a -. a a a

,. - a a - a a- a- a a- * a a- a a - a a a a- a- a~ a ta- a- a a a a-a,. a a. a-a- a a = a- a. a aa a a a- a- a a a a-a aAS Za a-a- a- a- a ~ a- a- -

a a a *

a-

a

a-* a a-~

-. - a- . a a.. a a a- a . a a a a a a- a. a a - a aa a a- a - a- a a-,s a.a a a . a- a a- a - - a-a a ~ a- a-.

aA a- a-a- - ,~ a a a a a- a . a- a a- %a -. a a a. - a a- a -

a. a a a a a .. - ~.. a- A.. - a- a. na a a- - a- a-~ a. ~,, a ~..

a- - a. = a- - a- a-a- a a a- a a- a- .a - a a - .a a a a a - -

a-~ a- a- a .. a- a. a a a. a- a a a a a. a a- ~ .a - a a a a- a- a- ba a ~ a a -a'

a * a- a a- a = a a a- ~ a- a a- a - a a-,, a a a a a a a- a- a,,- aa- a - a a a- a ba - a a a- a- a a a a a- . -. a-a- a. = .. a a- -.

-. a a-. a a a.a a a a a - a a a a. , -a a

* a- -a

a a a- a

a a- a

a -

aaa

a- - .. - a- a a- a ,- a- * a a a a .a a aa a a a a a, a - a. a a - a. a a. a a -

a - a a- a a a a a a- - a a a- aa- a a- a a-~ a- a a a a .a. a a- a- - a a a a- a a a a - a

a. a a aa a- a-a.. a a a a a a - a a a a

a = a- a. a-,-"'a- a. a- a a-.aa-a-~ a a a-a-a-a- a- a a

a- a-a ~a. A a a- a ,~ a. a r a - aSb. a a a. - a a- a- a- a- a- a- . a - * a a. a- a a

a a . a- a a."ha - '~ a- a a a

a- h a-. a a- a- a a- a- a- a a a a a a a a a- - a a- a r. - a- a- a a.-a a na .a a a- aa-aa a a- a a aa. .. aa-.a

* a a .a - a. a-a a- a a a a a. a a a a aaaa a a a a - a a a - ~ a-

a- a a a a a a- a a a- a - a-a" a a ~ a a a a * a a a a a a - a a a- a a a a a a

a- a a a a a- a a a- - a- a'~'.A'- a a a a p. a * a a a a

- = a- a a a -a- a- a a - a a- a a- a.a. a. ~ a- a a AS a a a aa- a - a a a a- .a- a- ~ a ~ a- a- .a - a a a . a a a a a - a. a-

a- aaa .a a a A - a a aa a - - a a- - a .h A.a- a a~ * a a-~ a- a a a a a- . a. ~'. a. a ab.. a- a a

a- a a ~ a a a- a a- a - -a a-a-a-a a- a- a- a. a a a a-

a-' a- a- . a- - a - a - a- a a- a- a-a., a a a.a

a -a .~

a- ~.a a-, aa- a a a- a- a a ~ a a- - a- - a . a *

a- *~ a- a .. '~ a- aa*aa,~~ - a- a a a - a ~ ~ a- a

a. a- . a a- a a- a- a a..' a - a- a a. a a a .a aa - -- - a- a ~ ~ ~a- a a- - . a .. a a- a a a- .fl a- a a a a

a- a a. a a- .a- a- -a- a a. a a. a- a a a- -' a-a a a- a- a a-. - a -

a- - ,' a- ~ a. a- a a AS * a ~ a- a - a a - a a - a- aa- a-" a a- a a a-. .~a- - a a a- -s __ a.

a- a a aa a- a a- a a a a a- a. a- a- - - a 'p.. a a- a- ,.7

a. a-. aa a a a- a. , a a a- a-a- a ~.

.. a. A~,a a- a a- a ~ = a- aa- a- .~ ~ .. a- .a a- a-. a. a a~- - - a- a a- a- a a- a. a a . , a. a a a- a a a - ~ a- - a a- ba - a- -a a a a. a Aa- a- - a- a - a- a a a a- a a

- a a ~ a ~ aaaa~ - ~ a a a a aa a a-a- a-a- a a aa a a a a ASaa- - a aa.a aa a- aa-a* a aa- a ,

a - a- a a a a a a a a .a- a a a a aa- ~ a a a a a .~, a a- - a ~. a. a a a-

a a ' a a aa A a- a - a a a-A.~ a a- . a'. ~.'

aS=a a- ~ ~ -. a- a a- a - a- .4 a a - a a a- a- a a a- - a -- a- a- a a- a-a A. a a a a a a a- a a - a a a- a a a .. a a a- a.

a- a a a a a- a - a a- a- a a a a - a. a a a-a. a.t~ . - a- a-.. a aa- .. a - a- a . a,, aa- a aa a a.. a .a- 4

90 percent Panicum amnaruma a 8

-,. a a,, ercenL Sparti.na patensa.. 1 percent gri~eron canadensis var. puojilus

1 percent Trip tasie purp urea


Figure C-44. Spurge-sandgrass community permanent quadrat.

109

I ____ __

Si.

0~ 00 00 0 00 0 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0*0 0 0

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X Prunus serotina

Mrica pensylvanica

~JRubus betutifoliusSmi lax bona-nox

- Total crown cover - 95 percent

b Total ground cover - 15 percent

Figure C-45. Sound-side shrub community permanent quadrat I(Levy, 1976).

110

IT9 9V9V9 9V 9V9 9 ) ~

0 0t 04.4 4 4 044*44 44444444

444 4 4 44al44 4 0 4444 4 44 4 4 4 44. 0 4 0 4it

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Sis

* 0 0 4 5 ert 4P4u444*44o4*44444t*44445 percent M4444444 4e4044$4

Toa 4rw;oe 6 ecn

Totalgroun cove 15 prcen

Fiur446.4444244~44Q4 Son-sd4hrbcmmnt4praen4udrt1

* 0 0000 000 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 00 -0 0 0 0400 000 0 04* 0, 0 *0 * 0 0 0*0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0AP 0a0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 94 0 00 0 00 00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-0 Go 0*0 0 0 0 00 000o 0 0

o a 00 0 0 00 00 0 00 000 0. 0.000 *0 000 0 000 0 00 0 00 0* 0. 0 0 0 0 0. 0Go0 00 0 0 0 1.0

. 0 000041 0*,,* * 0*0g0 go 0.0 0.g 00 0*0 *o0oo9 o0o00 00 411o00 000.0:.so 0so 04oo. 0 o.0 0.000

.0.** Go o 00 .000*0140 00 .0. 0* .0 0 0 0 000~ 0 I.00 0so00 0000*00000 0 000*000 000 0.1 0 0 0 00 0 0

0 00 00. A 410 0 o 00. .0 00.O 0 .00 100 00000. 00000 00 0.:.o' 0000 0. & 0 0 0

000 00Goo000 0 00000 0 0 0 0 00000 0 0.0 @00a 000 00 00 0 00 Go00 .0 00*0 ~0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 . 0 . 0 000 0 0 . 0

400 0 .0 6. .0 *1 o4 000 00a0 0..o .:.o .:0000 0 o 0 0 00.. so s ~ .. 00004 0 0 0 00 . . 0 * 0

0 0oo 0*00 0 0.* . . * o . o : 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 00 0 0 .00.0 0 .0 0 0 0 .so 0 0 .

00 0 0 0 0 1 00so 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 000 0 0 0 0 g -- "0 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 w 0

0.00.0 00 00 00 ** * 0 0 0.000 . 0 00 0 0 0 *0 @0 0 0 0 o06 00 0 000*41 0 0@ ~0 * 0 1

00 0000 00 0 0000. 0 * . .0* :0 0 . 0: 0:0 : 00~ ~ 0. 0 0041 1 0.0 * 0 0 .0 .0. 0 0.. :.~..41. 00 .0: 00 : 0 0 :. e :.:00 0 0 0 0 O00 0 0 0 0 e 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

00 0.0.000.0 4 000 000.0 0 0 00 4160 *0 *.0 00 00 .00 00 . -

f 000000 0a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e 0D0 0041O0 00 0 00 &o 00 0 0 0 0 0 0P0 0 0 0 00 00 0 00 0 0:00 00 0 - 0 0

0 00 *0 0 00 **100 00 *0000000 000 :0

0 0 00 0 00 0 00&00 0 6 000 00 000 4go r'c pensylivanica000 00a a00 00a

41410 ~ ~ 0rnu *0 0eso 00 00 0o OP 0 0 nas

0~~~uu be4tu 0 if00 00iau

0 T 1 ota crw coe - 95 percent0 0 0 010 1 41 0 00 Tot a 0ground ove 1 0a 0 percent 0 oGo 000

Fiur C-7 Son0sd shru comnt pemaen quda 2000001 000 00(Lvy 1976). 0 0 0 0 00

41 00 00 00 4112 *

'- - a"

tI aI.-- I-Ia..... . ai

C ,.. " a- a '-a " ,,S ~ a

.. oum.'

a a a. -.

. . .a _ ... a - a. a A -

a a., * ,, . S, , _ a , - - a a. a..

~~a t. C . . m a n.,

a m a .aA m. ...

St a .~ .aa . , m. . . S -. a • a

• """ " 20 erc n n et can gossypin

*" ...... a a 25 aecn a a ohia area.i. at~ a a .~I0 prcet Eag.Mt.a a en~ a -u . -lus

-Pni n ia aa . -n ~

) Total ground a. over -- 2 ecn

aF*gar a C-48 . Soun-saide shu conu.t -pearm . an t qadrt 2.a

.. .. .... .. - a -a ., .. a .. a .S

0 GoO * 0 * .00 0 0 . 0 :000:00*.o 00 0

...-. 09.06.60: , , 0: 0. 0 -0

1 * .:..w ... 00.* .O go 0 a 0 "W0: 0l 0:0 0,0 0 0a 0o0 0 4 .00 : 0o0o*0o0 * 00 g0::0' 0 0 0

0# 0 go. . .0 0 0

0 0 0 0: 0 0 0. 0 .g 0 0 .0.00.00.0.000 00 : .00~ 0 0*000 0 .0

.0 0 0 0 0 0.0.. 0 .0 0 00o 00 0 0 W 0 0

0 g 0 0 0 a:a4 0 * 0

* .:0 -. : 0: 0 60 . 000000 a000 0.00 0 :Od

0 l S. 0 00 0 0 0 0. 0 0.

0Y.~.o .. : * 0 0000 0 0 000 0.00 0.000 00 * *0 0 0 0 0 00000000 0.-0 0*00 00 0 0 000 . :0 : 00 0

_k ~ ~0 00 *000000 :.:... . : 0 :*0:-.:-b. 0 0 '

0- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 000 0 0 00.00. 0:% ! 0 00 0 0 0.000 00 00 00* 0 0 0 .' 0 0 :00 :0 0 0 0. : 0 0 0 0 0: 0 0 0.

00 . 00 0 0 00 0 000 000 000 000 000 00 0 00 0 00000

00 0 0 .:00 ::.O:-o 00 00 00 0 00 0 000 00 00 00 00

0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 000 000 000 000 0000 000 *o0

00 00000000000000 00 0 00O00 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 00: 0 000 0 00 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0

000000o* 0 0 000 ;0 00000 0 0 00000 00000 00 0 0;0 0

.0 a:00000a 0 00:0 000 0 .00 00 00!0 00 00 :o* 00 00 00 000000 0000 00 0000000 0.000.00000 0 0 0

00o 0 00 0 060 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 0

0: 000 :00 0 ! 0 ' ::.:-*: '400~~~ Rh* copallina 00 0a a000

Tota crw coe 0 70 peanoo !!Tota gr un c.-: . . o ver -O* 0 '. percent

Figure0 a-9 Son-sd shru comnt pemaen q .rt.(Lvy 1976).

go'0 : .'. 0 0-*0 : .-_. 0.14

444 4 44 4 4 04 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 44 4 44-,04 440* 4. 44 4 4 .4.14 4 444) 4 4 4 4 4 444 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

* 4*~4 44 4444.44 4 44 4 4 44 4 itI 4 4*4 4* 4 44 4 44 4 4 (P4 4 4 444444 4 .4(04 4 4 4 04 4 4 4

* 4 4 4 4444*4 4. 4 4444. * 4 444104 %1 401 4 444 4 0 4 4k 4

4 0 44 4 4 04 1 4. 4 *4 44 4 4 4414- 0 04 4.4 4

*04 44 4041 ,44 ,4 444 4*4 1104. 144 10.44.4.

44 44 4 4 4 4 4 *4 04 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4,, 4 4.. 4 4 4 44 4 0 . 4 4,44 444444.4.44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 .

4 44 4 4 4 44 4 4444 4444 4 4 4 4 44 4 ,44

44 4. 4 444 44444, 4 44444444 * 44*4 44444 4A04444 4 4 04 4 44 04 0 0 0 44. 4 004 0 0

44 44 4.4 4 4 4 4 0 ek0 4 4.4 4 _0 4.4.it0 4 4 .0 4 4. 44

4 4 44 4.4 4. 4. 4 .4.4 64 44,0 4 4 4 4.44. 4. 4.0 4 4 4 4 444.4 4 44 4, 4 4 4 444.4444 4.4 4.4. 4 44 4 4044 4.4 4

44 444 4 4 4444 44 4 44 4 4 4 444 4 0 4 44 4

44A 4 444 ~44 44 44 4 44 4 4 0. 44 4444 44444444 ,~4444 44444

44444 4444 *4 804444 pecn 444444erie444444244p44c4nt44444444444444444

*444. Total4crown44cover 4.554percent

4444~~Tta grun cover 5 percent4 4444444 4

Figure C-504.4 Soun-sid shub cmmuity ermaentquadat .4

,~4444.44..444.4444.4.444. 11544

. ... ... ..

1 80 percent Panticwn scopartum1 20 percent Rubua betulifoliu8

[~1 97 percent Spartina patensL.J 3 percent Panicwn scoparium

- ~ 95 percent Panicwn warmCA 4 percent Rubus betulifoliu8

S 1 percent Spartina patens


Figure C-51. Sound-side disturbed community permanentquadrat I (Levy, 1976).

116

.- a-

z . .A

w ~ A.

AMA A A ~ A _ A A A~A -QVAA A A .A a AIt.~

Ak A A A , .A- AA

* ,~A A A A -

A ~ ~ ~ 3 peArceAntAA A A a it brevlig.at~a..

A ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 percentaA A~ Abrd Puncat~a. aA AAA

60 Aecn A a A.A -a a __ ' iguata

Aoa grun cover~A . - SS peren

a iur C-2 Son-sd ditube Aou t pemnn q ada 1.

A A a . A a.a. .. ~Aa a - M *

........... 0.

... . ..... . . .... . . .... .. . .

. - .. . ...

A .,,. i.a +

... . . . ..

- ere- .- ,a patens

Mjrica peey- ani-

a a . a - . 1. -- ' .. . ,- + + . .

- ...- + + . , , ,

Tot... . ..- a . .... c, 7 perce

lie

.... -.,a , . , .. ., + , " i+ , + +. . .. , .

a. .... . .. S .. ' - . .. . ,+ . . . " ' + . " - ,+ o + , .

,. + . .

. . .a. . . . . . .: ;. .. ... . 4., . . . ... .. . . . . .

• ... .-.. a 4 .. , . + . . . + + . . .

. + .+ . + . . 4 . i*, -* v ', ,. + o

...~ .. ,

a. + . • a . ,,. .. a .. ' a ..

L - " +'. ': ... a + + - a' '. .. . .. " -. ... " - . .. . . + - ." .. -

S50 percent Spartina patens25 percent Juncuo megacephalus and Juncue coriaceus

25 percent C~nodon dacty ion and Paniewn soopariwnU bIrica peneyivanica

.I Total ground cover - 75 percent

.... Figure C2-53. Sound-side disturbed community permanent quadrat 2(L.evy, 1976).

118

p --.

- . 4

U A&'I -

IC'' cr' ~ ~ 'L 414 IJ- II.) L-' 4 £i.J A£ L it

itJ.~ A 4 dl4

4 4 '4 di.~j; 1.. .1 s4i, 4 I 4 A A l A&A, A N4

4A ld J, 4~~~ 4 4 'or A, &

'I It~ 44 4 44 4 A 4 4 4.A ,4A AfV '46 . A~ 4, A&6& s 4 1~ 4A 4 444~~~ 4 A 4's 44 4 1.~

r I Ir ;1 .L~ L 'i 44 4 A 44 b 4 I, A64 4 j l A14 d1 46 lt .4 j'/,- ~j'4 A&44 t d4 4 A 44 . Ad4j 4&44 k44. .

A A'0'- 1 644 A A A jb& 4 it4 A

4 A 4, 4 it A4 4 4 4 4 4 & L & 4 Aj. 4 4 t'& 4 41 4l6 44. I

'444 ~6~~ 444 1,b4 ' .4.

4A 44 4L 4 1. A6 4 4 4 4 4 t 1 4 4 A 6A A v 4 A 4

A ,~' b 4 ' A ' 4 4 1 4 j j 6 4 , 4 4 4 4 4 A d l I d l A A I & b & i A

*' 1 - , A 4 4 14 14 A 6j4&I

i. ,A A, 444 0444& 46 -~ 4 ,*. 4 Ad' 44

A. 4±4 A44~ 4 4

A.. 4 -Aj 1 4 kA. 4' 6~. '* , 4~ A44 644144 & 44

*s~~~~ d "4: hA j Ai 46 A, r4'' A. 44'46~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '4 A& I- . ,A 4 4 4a6

'1 6. 44~ 1 4 4 4 Ad4.4 4.j& A . AA AL- , Ad ' L U~ ~ 44 4444d

rr'r AA A 1 A 44 A'% C~$ >rrc 'A Alt46 A4 ' t0 dA 4I

-~~~~~AA IA' I-Al #%'I ,/~~444

(-V.' ... ~ ~ 44 h' A. *J, d'j444 44444 ~ 4 4 64)-' 4 r.L/ , 14 4 4 4 & r C.- 46 ,44 r444 -4 . 44£ 4A 4 1 4 b& bb &

'1 6A 4A.9~S4.4~ 4

I, Bacch4aris6 ha, i foti

A. 4..1.fN

Myoc 1cejrifera" Lb. J44A Si x n4A I gA f e o I, A. 44 4.

-(, 11J

Toa lA. crw cove -. 30 percen

Fiue -/ .4 Soud-id ditre comuit pemnn quadra 2.r . AA

44,~~~ l,44,9 l

-f 6,_ _AA_ 4 A A l........ ........ ....... ........ .......

- ',- A 44 14A - - d LA.4 A

F7

-_a "-. ", --

.f rica pensylvanica

*Panicwn a,,rum

"I Total ground cover - 10 percent

SFigure C-SS. Sound-side disturbed community permanent

quadrat 3 (Levy, 1976).

120

• "i : -"".. . = . . . . - • ' ' ' I . .. 'i! z

a~~~ -. I a "74

-- ~~~. z*--

~ ~ ~ . . .*~~~~~ & a ... .. .a -. a .. a - ~ - -tW M .4La CC.

-16 k. k t.a -:La 4 $L&

- Z-a aA - ~ A. .a - ~A i.~i1AI.L',r.~ ~ a a. a a A- ~ *a C~ ~I4s

a a a -a *(, I~, . ACIL -. a - - *.. a .

a. ~~A - a. - .

- aS - - a~a

15~~ pret Aboi riiioi

15 pecn a a .. . -a., *h C.LDsa

At.ia a. a zz.f r s

Toa crw coe - 70 pearcent

Tota grun cove - 75 apercent

Figur a-6 Son-sd ditre comnt emnetqart3

~.7.. a a21

to 000a*00000- o 6 o g e00 0 00go00 00000 0000 0 0 a0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 00a0 00 00

10. o0 0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0~ 0 000.0000 00.00 0 00000 00 0 0

0 0,00 0 : .. --- * .. : 0 6

g0 0"- o 0 "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6:. 0.*. * 0 0 0_- ~ - 0.,o . ':01. 0 0 0

. 0. 0 0:0. - .. 00...#_ 00*_000 0000000 0 0o00

o0 0 o o O P , . . .0 ~ ~ o .0000000 00*0 0 0 . .. *.

o~ooggbO .000000

. -* go*0 0 0 0 0 0: 00 00

-- .0 0. 0o.'0g 0.

.,0 0 1 0 *0

o E 00~ 0 00

00 :0.oo a~ 00 ,0 OS 0 . 000 0 _0

0 0 a 0 .,, - o *. *. 0 .00 0--0 0. 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000-

00 00 000 490 0:00 g00 0 0*0

0~ ~~0 00 0 0 S 006o~oo0 0 00 @ 0 00 *

0 0 '". - * ***.. * * *o: oo oo4oo0go:0.0:00000 "*-;-o0&0 0 0 00 0 0 0 o:0::go

:00 0o - 0 0 * 0 6 0 0 0000.000000 0000 :0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 @0 o0 *00 0 .:00

0o -O :O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0o 0 0

0~~06 0*o.o.oooo*.:o. 0

000000000000 0 0 0 0 0 a O 0 0. 0 0.. o. ...00 a0 0 50 000 *0*

0 go 000!

00-0000000:00000 10 0 0 00 0 0 , 0 00 :00t 00000 000 0 0

005 * * * * * 0 0 .000 000 0 g

00 O- 00 a 0 0 0 0 0o 0 0 0 0

00 0 0 00 0000 .00" 0 0: 0 0 :40~~~~ 0 0 0 0000 0 0

000000 o 0 0 o o o * * * * 00 0000 0 00, 0 0,0 **o 0o * o 0 0 0 00 0 0

0 0 0 S C 5 .~

0 0 0 0 ,0 -0o0000 0 '0 NO 00 0 0000**:*.o00000

0 - -:00 0 0 00 0 0 0 -0 : 0 0 0000 000 0 0o 0000.-*: o 0 00 00 0 000 0000*.0: 0

to 0 0 0 0 0

:00 00a: 0 00 00 *,Vp 0 00 000 !00000o000 0 0 0 0 00000000 00 00 *,4b 00 00 00 0 00 O. 00 00 00- a - 0 0 0 0 0

g 0 a 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 06 - 0 0 0 0 0_ 0 00 0 0 0 0

.. o oo o oo o :o o oo. * 0 :00 0 ,

: 0. ....0 0 0 000 04 00 g000 0 0 00 0: .0., 0~ .0000

LL-j- Spcartina cynosuroides

~ Sagittczria grami nea

80 percent Juncus coriaceus20 percent Hydrocotyle umbellata

Juncus roernerianus


Figure C-57. Wetlands community permanent quadrat(Levy, 1976).

f2

* AA. . . . .. .. . .. ..

* *AM

.... . .-...-..

~~.... ........... ... .. .....

.. . .. .. .. .. .. ..

, .. .. . .. .*~~. .. . . .......aia haim fo

... .. .... .. X4.

15 peren Spatn Oyws Vd

S50dg anpert veeiuenal~ua

Tot5 rond coeriw -98 percen

Figure C-58. Wetlands community permanent quadrat.

123

I-A iiwia**A

o.-a a- oGo *Goo 'taG.

o ~~~'' o ao o o.- .:a -: - o - o . a-a-

-~~~~~ a -- a - 4aao a-o

>*a~~a-t.G to-oa o- G.o.a--.u-a~~~~~~~~~~~ ao o-a "'-a a - . -- a -' . .'-a --

- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ G ... Goa 4 a -a ,a -aA.a ' -~--a - '' '.aa .a

- a- a- .a- ~ -a- a. a- a a -o o- - "a .. 'a- -

7a-~.a--a- a-~-, - au- a a-a-J

aZ. - .a

9a-5 percent a-ipu a- - a a-a- a- a . -f aa- - L b.4 pecn a- ta aa f aca h --aa

1- S aaa aer -ent a- a a. .tenf oa- --.- "- a.

Go a -a -- Aa ." .~-a a . a.

o - ao- . a - a i t a a - $ 4 " a . - a a a - a a - - a. - - a-

a- . -a - aa o-aa . a

Toat aa l~ run covera- a5 a- a-ar-ceant

Fiur C-59 Burs-eln omniypraetqart

a- a a aa-- a-- a -a-'- -a- -a -12-4 - --

-- a - ~ ,~a .... A~ A' - * A. A' aat a -- " - - a - a. ~ - -. .aA- - *4

* a. - ,~. - ' -- a A.a - ... ~'. ~ a at - -~ t.. - -.

= A-a. a a - *~ ,~ a - - - a -.a A- - % ~ - - - a a af A. -

- *a ,~ a. ,a a a A. aa. ~ - --~ ' ~-. - A. a. A. an Ak 4' a - a #. * '~

- - A- - - A 4.

- a.. = a - a - - - .- * - a.a~~A.a a. a.A.a~ .a.

A. aa aA- aa a a ... ~ - a a A-a .af a * - .... ~ A. ~' -. -.a ~ ~. - A- a.a

A a - a - a ** a -. ,j.. . Ma.4. - a a

a - 4. a . A..a4~ aM. ~ a a a a .A- a.a. - A. a .. a~ a aA- - a -

aa a - ' -. a a a A. .a..Za. - a.

. a A-A-A.

4. a.A- -- - a A- a - - *. *a .~: - .A' a a ' A- a a -

4. a. - 'Aa ' aa ~'

* ~' - * a.. a A- a a a a' - - - . a. aaa.~a a~': a a a A-a. a~aa

* - - a - a, A- 44. a~8.A- - a -* "'aA- a a a - - ." a - aa

'A- 8. A- , a " .. A- a * a a~ * a.

aM *.. a'~.a. A- A-A' ,a a A.a.A-

a a - -. a aMa A-A- -. a~ a -.. A.a Ma - -. a

- . ' A- A- ... a a A a a a aa . a.. **~* A. a

- - a a *.. a at... a = a a.a a. - a a a-- - a~~ - a a a A. * A- a

a. - a ,~ a A.* aa - a a a Aa a a a

.4. a a - a a . a a A-

- ... - a. A-a "4. -. 4' a - ~a a a ,S~,a A-a .88.. a a A-

a. . . - a - -~ ., a. .a. a a a a a..aS

- a a .AA' a ~ a A->. .aa ~.' a A-. -.

4. - 4". a - - a a a a a. A aa.A- -Ma - a. a a . * - a

a a a - a ." a,, .- a - a a A-, ~-. ' - .... -a A- - .a -a * ~ a A a - a

.8 - ... .~ :4. A- A-a

* a a,, ~a.

A~ a.' a. a'- ~ ~ -. a A.4' 84 ~.a an a a a A. a a a

.. A8..~ a a - *U.. a .,. ~ A.

a' Ak aA.aA- , 84.. a - *~' .. ~ ~ a. -

- - ... A. - a.Ma a a A. .aa~MA.aa ~ * a..~ MA.a a a a A- A-n A- * A- a. a.A.-. A - aa a a A.a a

- a a - = A-.~' a. - .~ ~ - a.

a. a..AaAaA. A- a. A-A'a a a ~ - ,... a- . a a At A- a ~'. a ~' a ~' ..A* - a ~ . -

MM -A. M a a a A-'~ ~ . A-a .aaa.*~A.aaaa a...* A- a a - a ~ ~ a Ak . .. <Z a. A- A-a Ak A-a- a1'

- A- - a a.. a .. A- a - a. a. - a a a a- - A- a. a. - a - _ a a A. - A. 4'. a a 4'

aa ~ aa a A-a a A .. aA- a. ... a. a a a A-~ a. ~A- 4t=4. a ~A- A- a.A. A. A- ~aa.aa a A- a

a a a a a a s. - A-, a .8... a. a aa a a A- a a a -. ~ a ~ A. a A. a a a A-

A.. - a - ,~'. a" a, - a. a a. A- 4.a. ~ a ~.a ~. .. a. 'a IA-' a p .a di.. ~"' .8A-A- aA- A-.a ,.aa -. a - - a a A. - aaa.a

a. A-A. A- A-~ a - a a a .A- aa... *A. a a a - a- a a - a A-

4 ' . A- A- a A- -. - 8.M.~ A. A-~ A.a 4 . a a = .. '.

A- a a ~a *A- A. A~a.a4 .

*M..~ a a. ~ aa aa * A- a a . a A-A- a A- - A- A-A. .aa.A.a

aA-A- a. a a.. a a. a a a a a. a a = a *.a. a a a a a a a -

_ 4. 4

'~a.A-~a~z~.:f:A:a4. a.aa~ ~ ~= a a A- A- a a. a A-* a a a a A-t A. ~A- *A-

~a. A- ~ M a a a a. ~ a. a A- a A- . aa aA-. a A.. A- M 4

a. r,7...j- '--'-'8.-joA- a.....~ - rrwagntL~4 e6* *4. aMa an

* a aA- ~A- ~ a


Figure C-60. Reed wetland coummunity permanent quadrat.

125

I. ___________________________

-

oo a - A*- ' ,

a .2 -- -

'o o' *a o' - a- .

*0 ** * 0--- a a aa .

.. a 0 00 0. -0 .. W - , .a . . * aa

*0 0 . 0. a . .

20 pecn Ab as aa - aifola a a- .a

* * * ~ ~ Toal grun coe a0 percent-.a- "<...

Figara C-1 -on-sd ditre-hraeu aomnt pr a t qadrat

5% a a. a. a a,. na ,126

4.2

7 -Z.:%,

., . . .,',...,.. ... . . . . . ... , ..... : .. . .. ,. " -... .. . 2"- .,. , ". '

a A w .. .A .

_,.?_: ... .. _.'"--"*a.

f2

-z 60 percent Amaophia brevi ulata

..A 40 percent Panicum virgatwn

""..... 90 percent T rp~asis purpureai :; ': 1 0 percent Cenchrus tribuloides

.=' .2L' . 35 percent Triplasis purpurea

20 prcent Erigeron canadensis va. pusil~us10 ercent A~mophila breviligulata

*'-" Total ground cover - 35 percent

Figure C-62. Roadside disturbed community permanent quadrat.

127

r - , - ... - A

f T 0

0 2L .0 uV

-C. 0 0 0

U0 C -- -

14. 0 U4141 0~44. '1 4 4101 0C 4

0 41 0

0 a- 0 r] 0 V41j.6 , -> Ow aZ .IN .J : 0 ,

~> a ms4 > I*~41 40 ~INI 41 1 !10

;~ ~~~ -1,u ~0I41 Q 0 'be-d'4. OD w U "0 ul

0~ Go

0 0 >p so

g .0 WI.I 0: k. 4 I. . ! . 0'~~~ 04 0- a 0 1

0 *0 u 100

O4, u 1 It .0 0 0 0 0414 C I> 1440 o Im

-. 0.. .4, .0 .' 44 404.'.l~.4.1 I'4. 04. 0.

vC IV 0 ~ >. w~

0 a 0

Go 4Q w C! 4

'44 44 0 44

U10 09 q 0 a :I ONO 0

to GC 0 - I.. 4. 0o

(1 1 So 4 0 4 J1. M140 4 ~ 10 0 410, . 4..a .I 0 01 1. 44

-66. 0 0 004

41 do0a f 1- aM.'.I0 4. ... ,

I

4

a

ad-a27 137 reevaluato rockvil emd r lharrset al uncas … · 2014. 9. 27. · study was undertaken...

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