7 presentacion oral

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Speakout Advanced p 89. Oral Presentation Skills. Extra Speaking

ORAL PRESENTATION SKILLS : The STRUCTURE

THE BEGINNING OR THE INTRODUCTION

A good oral presentation is well structured; this makes it easier for the listener tofollow.Basically there are three parts to a typical presentation: the beginning, middle and endor (introduction, body and conclusion). We are going to look at the content of each

part indiidually and the language needed to e!press its structure and content.

"he beginning of a presentation is the most important part. #t is when you establish arapport with the audience and when you hae its attention. $ore detailed techni%uesare to be found later.&et the audience's attention and signal the beginning.

Right. Wel l . OK. Erm. Let's begin.

Good. F ine. Great. Can we start?

Shal l we start?

Let's get the bal l rol l ing.

Let's get down to business.

"ry to get your audience inoled in your talk either by asking direct or rhetorical%uestions. Ask for a show of hands for e!ample in response to a %uestion. ome ofthese approaches may not be appropriate in all countries. Ask yourself how things aredone in your country together with regard to your own e!perience and adaptaccordingly.

Greet the audience.

#t is important to greet the audience by saying something like:

Hello ladies and gentlemen.

Good morning members o the !ur".

Good aternoon esteemed guests

Good e#ening members o the board Fel low

$ol leagues %r. Chairman&Chairwoman

Introduce youre!"(name, position, responsibility in the company) ot only to gie that important


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information so people can identify you but also to establish your authority on thesub*ect and to allow the audience to see your point of iew on the sub*ect (you are a

student, researcher, responsible for, director of, neophyte, layman).

Go od a t er noo n l ad ies an d ge nt le men le t me

introdu$e m"sel .

G ood m or ning e #e r" one ( 'd l i)e t o s ta rt b"

introdu$ing m"sel. %" name is... ( am a studentat the (*+ where ( am a do$toral $andidate

( am ,. -. rom Com. ('m the manager o/

( am a resear$her rom /

( '#e been wor)ing on the sub!e$t now or ,

"ears. .and ( '#e had wide e01erien$e in the ie ldo .. .

Good morning m" name is Lawren$e Couder$. (

am a student at the (*+ and ( would l i)e to tal)t o "ou t oda" a bout som e o m " indings i n ( stud" ( did on

ometimes, especially when inited to speak, the host introduces the guest, gies thesame information as aboe and then gies the floor to the guest speaker.

( am #er" 1leased and 1roud to introdu$e /who

is/.

He&she is )nown or/

*ow ('l l turn the loor o#er to toda"'s s1ea)er.

2ta)e the loor to ha#e the loor to gi#e theloor to someone.3

#n +nglishspeaking countries it is not uncommon that the speaker begin with a *oke,

an anecdote, and a surprising statement to get the audience's attention, to makepeople want to listen, to feel rela!ed and een to introduce the sub*ect.

An illustration from real life can be useful here as this may be a way to presentinformation in such a way that the audience can identify with.

Gi#e tit!e and introduce u$%ect

&hat e'act!y are you (oin( to )ea* a$out+ituate the sub*ect in time and place, in relation to the audience, the importance. &iea rough idea or a working definition of the sub*ect.

( 1lan to s1ea) about.. .


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+oda" ('m going to tal) about...

+he sub!e$t o m" 1resentation is...

+he theme o m" tal) is... ( '#e been as)ed to tal)to "ou about...

A cultural aspect may be important here; scientists want to demonstrate theirwork and findings while managers and humanities people want to share ideas

and reflections with their audience. #t may be the result of a desire topersuade and conince. #t may be comparison of two or more products, plans

or proposals. Why are you going to speak about it-

( ha#e $hosen to s1ea) about this be$ause...

( was as)ed to s1ea) about , be$ause...

ae you set any limits on the scope of your talk- What won't you speak

about- #t may be ery useful to eliminate certain areas before you start so asto aoid confusion or deiation from your main task. #t also protects you fromcriticism later if do not mention it in adance.

ae you limited the time- #t is useful to gie the listeners some idea of the time so asto maintain their attention better.

( will not s1ea) about.. .

( ha#e l imited m" s1ee$h to

( will s1ea) or 45 minutes

%" tal) wil l last about 45 minutes

/ou may want to gie acknowledgements here too. #f you hae been sponsored,supported or encouraged by a particular firm, organi0ation, professor, etc. you maywant to acknowledge their contribution. /our research and paper may hae been thework of a collaboratie effort and you should acknowledge this too and gie the namesof all the participants. At some point you should ask a %uestion or somehow try todetermine where the audience is. ow do they feel about the sub*ect- /ou will then

hae to modify the contents, as you neer know e!actly what to e!pect.

Ha#e "ou e#er heard o . . .?

E#er" da" "ou en$ounter.

"o get the audience's attention and perhaps to find out where they are you couldintroduce the sub*ect by saying:

Ha#e "ou e#er heard o&seen ,?

-ou'#e 1robabl" seen $ountless t imes. ..


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-ou ma" ha#e wondered. . .

Gi#e your o$%ecti#e ,)ur)oe- ai.- (oa!/

"he main purpose of an informatie speech is to hae the audience understand andremember a certain amount of information. /ou should thus hae two purposes: ageneral purpose and a specific one. "he former is to inform: to gie an oeriew, topresent, to summari0e, to outline; to discuss the current situation or to e!plain how todo something or how something is done. "he latter is what you want the audience totake away with them after listening to you, what you want them to do, what theyshould remember.

%" 1ur1ose in doing this 1a1er is to gi#e "ou a sol id

ba$)ground on the sub!e$ t o oral 1resentat ion sothat in the uture at the (*+ or e lsewhere "ou $andel i#er a su$$essul s1ee$h in ront o a grou1.

What ( would l i)e to do toda" is to e01lain. . .

to i l lustrate. . .

to gi#e a general o#er#iew o. . .

to outl ine. . .

to ha#e a loo) at.. .

What ( want m" l isteners to get out o m" s1ee$h is . . .

1nce you hae established your specific ob*ecties you may go on to formulate yourcontent.

Announce your out!ine0/ou want to keep the outline simple so 2 or 3 main points are usually enough.4oncerning grammar the headings of the outline should be of the same grammaticalform.

( ha#e bro)en m" s1ee$h down&u1 into , 1arts.

( ha#e di#ided m" 1resentation 2u13 into - 1arts.

(n the irst 1art ( gi#e a ew basi$ deinit ions. (n the

ne0t se$t ion ( wi ll e01la in (n 1art three ( am goingto show.. .

(n the last 1la$e ( would l i)e&want to gi#e a 1ra$ti$al

e0am1le.. .

1uetion and co..ent "ro. the audience0/ou should also let the audience know at some point in the introduction when theymay or may not ask %uestions.

( 'd as) "ou to sa#e "our 6uestions or the end.


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+here wi l l be 1lent" o t ime at the end o m" s1ee$h

or 6uestions and dis$ussion.

-ou ma" interr u1t me at an" moment t o as)

6uestions or ma)e $omments

ORAL PRESENTATION SKILLS : The .idd!e or the $ody

Content

Here are a few possibilities for organizing your ideas:logical;chronological order;from general to specific;

from known to unknown;from accepted to controversial;cause/effect;problem/solution.

What in"or.ationshould you gie in your speech- All your informationshould support purpose. #n most cases you will hae to limit the content, astime is usually precious5

1uantityow much information should you gie- +nough to clearly deelop your ideas.

6on't forget to illustrate through e!amples. #.2.4

Se2uencin( your idea0Whateer se%uencing you choose, the headings should be all of the samegrammatical form. #.2.6 7eeping the audience's attention "he beginning andthe end or the first and last parts are what listeners will remember the most."hink of ways you can keep the audience's attention throughout the rest ofthe speech. (ee 4reating #nterest)

Si(n)otin( or i(na!!in( 3here you are08ust as when you are driing along a road that you don't know ery well you

depend on signs to guide you, you need to guide the listener by usinge!pressions to tell him9her where you are going. "hat is to say, first announce

what you are going to say (gie an e!ample, reformulate etc.) and then say

what you want to say.

"his is ery like erbal punctuation. #ndicating when you hae finished onepoint and go on to the ne!t. #t is redundant in te!t but ery adantageous inoral presentations. #t may be useful also to pause, change your stance andthe pitch of your oice as you moe from one part of your presentation to

another.

Litin( in"or.ation

"his can be

+here are three things we ha#e to $onsider7 one


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two and three. 8 9 C.

*ow let us loo) at the irst as1e$t whi$h is .. .

First o al l /

(n the irst 1la$e/

Lin*in( idea- ection4.a*in( tranition#ndicate the end of one section and the beginning of the ne!t.

+hat 's al l ( would l i)e to sa" about . . . . 2sub!e$t

o 1art 83 and now let us turn to .. . .

*ow that we'#e seen . .. l et us e0amine more

$losel"..

Out!inin( o)tion0

#f there are alternatie ways of looking at a topic or proposal outline them toshow you are familiar with different ways of dealing with the situation.

+here seem to be two 1ossibi li ti es o dea ling

with this... . .

We'#e loo)ed at th is rom the 1oint o # iew o

the manua$turer but what about i we were to...

8 number o o1tions 1resent themsel#es at this

1oint. .. .

#f what you are dealing with demands a comparison of strengths andweaknesses indicate clearly the different aspects and underline the points youfeel are important or secondary.

What e0a$tl" are the beneits?

On the 1lus side we $an add....:

+his is not the onl" wea)ness o the 1lan ... . . . . . .

We $annot ignore the 1roblems that su$h an

a$tion would $reate.... . .

Here are "urther e'a.)!e o" e')reion that you can uein di""erent circu.tance

To (i#e an e'a.)!e:

*ow let's ta)e an e0am1le.

To re)hrae:

Let me re1hrase that


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8n e0am1le o this $an be ound...

+o illustrate this/

Let's see this through an e0am1le.

For e0am1le or instan$e e.g.

(n other words

8nother wa" o sa"ing the

same thing

+hat is to sa" i.e.

To u..ari5e:

+o summari;e

+o sum u1

Let me summari;e b" sa"ing

So that $on$ludes m" o#er#iew

(n $on$lusion

9riel" said

(n short

What ('#e tried to show in this

1art...+o re$a1 what we'#e seen so ar...

To e.)hai5e

What is #er" im1ortant is...

What is im1ortant to

remember...

('d li)e to em1hasi;e the

a$t that...

to stress... to highlight... to

underline...

What ( tried to bring out....

What we need to o$us on...

To re"er to 3hat you ha#e aid

)re#iou!y

8s ( ha#e alread" said earlier...

8s we saw in 1art one...

+o re1eat what ('#e said so ar...

To re"er to co..on

*no3!ed(e:

8s "ou all ma" well )now...

(t is generall" a$$e1ted

that...

8s "ou are 1robabl" aware

o..

To re"er to 3hat you 3i!! ay:

We will see this a little later on.

+his will be the sub!e$t o 1art .

We will go into more detail on that

later.

For now it is sui$e to sa" that..

suffice (it) to say (that)

To re"er to 3hat an e')ert

ay:

( 6uote the words o ...

+here is a amous 6uotation

that goes...

(n the words o 8$$ording

to....

Here ('d li)e to 6uote 8s %r.

, sa"s in his boo)...

ORAL PRESENTATION SKILLS : The end or conc!uion

The end or the conc!uion o" your ta!* hou!d inc!ude "our )art

Gi#e a $rie" re.inder o" 3hat you tried to ho3 in your )eech

and ho3 you tried to do o

/ou should briefly summari0e your speech in a few lines to make surethe audience has retained the main points. Alternaties are to *ust


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simply: state the point of the speech; gie the essential message toretain; list the main points and what you want the audience to

remember; reiew informally or indirectly by using a %uote, acomparison or e!ample.

Preent a hort conc!uion-

"hat is to say you should gie a message that logically comes out of

the ideas deeloped in your speech. "his could be a commentary, thelessons learned, some recommendations, or the ne!t steps

Third!y- than* the audience "or attendin(0

In#ite the audience to a* 2uetion or o)en a dicuion.

#f you choose the former, you put yourself in a superior positioncompared to the audience and should be considered as an e!pert. /ouwill need to be ery prepared intellectually and psychologically to giecontrol to the audience and able to answer any %uestions. oweer, inthe case of the latter, you put yourself more or less on e%ual termswith the audience and do not hae to be the e!pert with all the

answers5 "he audience may hae some clear ideas or some practicalknowledge about the sub*ect themseles5

B"he end of a talk should neercome as a surprise to an audience butneeds special consideration.

Si(n)otin( the end o" your ta!*0

"his may take the form of a recapitulation of the main points.

( 'd l i)e to summarise&sum u1

8t this stage ( would l i)e to run through&o#er the

main 1oints. . .

So as we ha#e seen toda". . . .

8s ( ha#e tr ied to e01lain this morning 9+ inds itsel

in. . . . . . . .

or there may be recommendations or proposals that you wish to make;

8s a result we suggest that. . (n the l ight o whatwe ha#e seen toda" ( suggest that... . . .

%" irst 1ro1osal is... . . .

Aboe all when you conclude do not do it abruptly or as if surprised to get to

the end of your talk.

(n $on$lusion ( would li)e to sa" that.. . . . . .

%" inal $omments $on$ern....

( would l i)e to inish b" reminding e#er"one


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that... . . .

/ou may at this point wish to distribute a ocabulary list or more detailedinformation that you wish to make aailable.

# '#e 1re1ared a sl im older o the 1ro1osals...:

(n the sheets that are now being distributed "ou

will ind a brea)down o the.... . . . . .

8nd inall" "ou ma" well ha#e to deal with

6uestions.

( 'd be ha11" to answer an" 6uestions... .

( there are an" 6uestions 1lease eel ree to

as).

+han) "ou #er" mu$h or "our at tent ion and i

there are an" suggestions or $omments

7 presentacion oral

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