3 famato medidas de mejora de calidad del...
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Medidas para le mejora de la calidad del aire
Fulvio Amato
Estructura
• Introducción• Experiencias europeas en Mejora de la CA
• El caso de Barcelona– Medidas en vigor– Medidas necesarias
• Mejoras en Colegios
Contaminantes legislados
RD 102/2011, 28 Gen. 2011Directiva 2008/50/CEDirectiva 2004/107/CE
Superficie afectada y población censada
• Es suficiente que una sola estación mida por encima del valor limite para que toda la zona resulte censada
Formation mechanism
Mineral dust Metals EC POA
•NaturalOrigin
•Anthropogenic
Atmospheric lifetime•Hours to weeks
•Secondary: formation inatmosphere from gas precursors
Removal mechanism•Dry deposition (e.g. sedimentation)
•Primary: direct emissions
•Wet deposition (e.g. rainfall)
Sources of atmospheric aerosols
0
10
20
30
40
0
100
200
300
400
0.1 1 102.5
Mas
s (μ
g m
-3)
Coarse:
Mechanical /evaporation
processes
PrimaryFine:
Combustion processes
Primary & secondary
Combustion sources
Mechanical processes
Fine Coarse
0.01 0.1 1 102.5
PM1
PM2.5
PM10
Nucleation Aitken Accumulation
0
10
20
30
40
Num
ber (
cm-3
x 1
03)
0.01 0.1 1 10
Ultrafine mode
Nucleation
Vapour Condensation
Nucleation mode:
•Secondary: New particle formation
•Primary: vehicle exhaust emissions
Aitken mode:•Growth of particles through condensation & coagulation•Primary emissions
Accumulation mode:•Further growth, contribution to mass
Diameter (μm)
Partícules grulleres >1 µm
0.10 µm
Partícules Ultra-fines <0.1 µm
1.00 µm
Núm
ero
de p
artíc
ulas
Diàmetre
Nucleació Aitken Acumulació Mecànica
Partícules fines <1 µm
0.01 µm
Nucleació
CondensacióVapor
Mecànica
10.00 µm
PM2.5
PM10
PM1
PST
Warneck, 1988Harrison and van Grieken, 1998
Mas
sa d
e pa
rtíc
ules
Materia mineralAerosol marí
Compostos de S y N
Compostos carbonosos
Nano-partícules <0.05 µmCARACTERISTIQUES PM
Barcelona (2003‐2010)
Vehicle Exhaust; 4.4; 30%
Nitrate; 2.8; 19%
Road dust; 0.3; 2%Heavy oil; 0.6; 4%Industrial; 0.5; 3%
Sulfate; 5.6; 38%
Mineral; 0.2; 1%
Sea salt; 0.2; 1%
African dust; 0.3; 2%
Vehicle Exhaust; 6.6; 25%
Nitrate; 4.0; 16%
Road dust; 2.9; 11%Heavy oil; 0.8; 3%
Industrial; 0.9; 3%
Sulfate; 7.0; 28%
Mineral; 1.9; 7%Sea salt; 1.0; 4%
African dust; 0.9; 3%
Vehicle Exhaust; 7.5; 18%
Nitrate; 4.5; 11%
Road dust; 8.8; 22%Heavy oil; 1.0; 2%
Industrial; 1.0; 2%
Sulfate; 6.7; 17%
Mineral; 5.6; 14%
Sea salt; 4.1; 10%
African dust; 1.5; 4%
PM10PM10 PM2.5PM2.5
PM1PM1
Contribución de fuentes a PM
Primary and secondary particles (PM2.5)
Effective Air Pollution Abatement Measures: Experience from Northern
and Central Europe
Roy M. HarrisonUniversity of Birmingham
United Kingdom
ROADMAP year 0 year 4-5
ii. Measures to reduce number of urban vehicles circulating
iii. Measures favoring renewal of urban vehicle fleets (LEZ)
iv. Urban distribution of goods (urban freight distribution) & taxisv. Urban re-design with priority to pedestrians and green areas
i. Improving public transport
vi. Remediation measures
vii. Other non-technological measures
Diesel vehicles• Poor real‐world NOx emissions. Euro
6 NOx seven times the type approval limit (ICCT, 2014)
• Car NOx emissions not improved for over 20 years
• Some Euro VI buses continue to have high in‐use NOx emissions, depending on exhaust temperature (Carslaw et al, 2014)
Source: ICCT, 2014
• EU Diesel market share increased from 36% (2001) to 55% (2013)
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%
Luxe
mbo
urg
Irel
and
Port
ugal
Spa
inFr
ance
Bel
gium
Sw
eden
Gre
ece
Aus
tria
Ital
yU
KG
erm
any
Finl
and
Den
mar
kN
ethe
rlan
dsEU
-27
New Car Market Share
Diesel
Gasoline
Hybrid
Gas
EV
Solutions: Encouraging the use of cleaner cars
• Discouraging diesel cars• Low Emission Zones (LEZs)• Encouraging HEVs PHEVs and gas
vehicles• Mandatory eco‐label
Discouraging Diesel cars
• Car purchase and/or ownership taxes ‐ CO2based in most MS
• Diesel taxation and pump prices – lower than gasoline in most MS.
• Favours purchase and use of diesel cars
• Gap between type approval and real world CO2emissions increased 7% (2001) to 23% (2011)
• Diesel Benefits overstated
Banning Diesel Cars•Greece• 1991 until 2011 – diesel cars banned
in Athens and Thessaloniki• Diesel 20% cheaper than gasoline• Rapid increase in diesel car sales
since ban lifted
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
2001 2006 2011
New Cars: % Diesel
Greece
EU
London2014: Attempts to ban diesel cars from London LEZ dropped due to public opposition
France
•9th February 2015: Mayor Anne Hidalgo presented plan to Council to
• “ban most diesel vehicles from the city by 2020”•This is a LEZ and includes gasoline vehicles
•Only current French LEZ:• Mont Blanc tunnel
Country Number of LEZs Applicable vehiclesNational Framework/
legislation
Austria 3 HGVs Yes
Czech Republic 1 HGVs ‐
Denmark 6 Vehicles > 3.5 tonnes Yes
France 1 HGVs No
Germany >70 All except motorcycles Yes
Hungary 1 HGVs NoItaly >130 Various NoNetherlands 14 HGVs YesPortugal 1 Cars & HGVs No
Sweden 8 Vehicles > 3.5 tonne Yes
UK 2 Various No
LEZs
At mid 2014
Etiquetado DGT (solo tubo de escape)
Sin etiqueta
AÑO EURO
• Turismos y furgonetas ligeras Gasolina hasta 1999, Diesel hasta 2005• Vehículos pesados hasta 2004
Gasolina hasta EURO2, Diesel hasta EURO3
Gasolina EURO3, Diesel hasta EURO4 y 5
Gasolina EURO4, 5, 6, Diesel EURO6
• Turismos y furgonetas ligeras Gasolina hasta 2005, Diesel hasta 2013• Vehículos pesados hasta 2013
• Turismos y furgonetas ligeras Gasolina desde 2006, Diesel desde 2014• Vehículos pesados desde 2014
• GNC, GNL, GLP , HEV, PHEV <40 km
• EV, PHEV >40 km
Efficacy of LEZs
• Difficult to determine• Confounders e.g.
weather, other policy measures, recession
• Little evidence of impact on PM10 andNO2 concentrations outside Germany
• EC/BC reduced
Efficacy of German LEZs
•PM10 <7%↓•Munich (LEZ + HDV ban) PM10 ca.13%↓•NO2 <10%↓•But not all robust studies•Early phases studied
• LEZs apply to cars as well as HDVs
• Generally more stringent than elsewhere
•
Electric car market in Norway
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Norway: New Electric Cars Sales
Norway 5.8%; Netherlands 5.4%; EU-28 0.4% (2013)
Norway electric car market
• Long term fiscal incentives from 1990s
• Incentives added sequentially until the market responded.
• The price difference between EV and petrol car can be €1,000.
• Exempt from• vehicle registration tax• road tolls • VAT (normally 25%)
• Bus lane access• EVs ‐reduced annual tax• Reduced rates on the main
coastal ferries
Conclusions
• Influencing motorists away from diesel unlikely until fiscal incentives change
• Promoting cleaner vehicle technologies requires long term consistent policies
• LEZs need to be stringentand include cars to be effective
• Public information on air quality implications of fuel choice required.
Increasing concerns
• Non‐exhaust contribution to PM mass‐ from wear of brakes, tyres, road surface‐ from resuspension of surface dusts
• These will soon exceed exhaust emissions considerably, but‐ wear emissions can be influenced by choice of materials‐ it may be possible to trap brake dust on the vehicle‐ resuspension is influenced by the aerodynamics of the vehicle
Increasing concerns
• Cooking aerosol‐ Some measurement methods (generally Aerosol Mass Spectrometry) show an appreciable contribution of cooking aerosol to PM2.5 concentrations.
• More research is needed on the differential toxicity of particles of different composition and size distribution, and from different sources.
• Wood smoke contribution to PM mass‐ Now substantial in the UK and many other countries and increased as
more wood burning appliances are installed.‐ Bad for PM and PAH concentrations especially.‐ Fiscal incentives to wood burning in small utility boilers and CHP are bad
for air quality, and benefits for greenhouse gas emissions are probably small (UK imports wood from the United States!).
‐ May well cause PM2.5 levels to increase in coming years.
Berlin LEZ
ZONES DE BAIXES EMISSIONS
10 Estats Membres, 190 ciutats:- DE, NL, UK, NO, SE, DK, CZ, AT, HU, IT
http://www.lowemissionzones.eu/es/
AT (3)Autopistes TirolCZ (1)PragaDE (50)Augsburg, Berlín, Bochum, Bonn, Bottrop, Bremen, Dinslaken, Dortmund, Duisburg, Düsseldorf, Essen, Frankfurt, Friburg, Gelsenkirchen, Halle (Saale), Hannover, Heidelberg, Heilbronn, Herrenberg, Ilsfeld, Karlsruhe, Köln (Colonia), Krefeld, Leipzig, Leonberg, Leonberg, Ludwigsburg, Magdeburg, Mannheim, Markgröningen, Mühlacker, Mühlheim, München, Münster, Neu-Ulm, Neuss, Oberhausen, Osnabrück, Pfinztal, Pforzheim, Pleidelsheim, Pleidelsheim, Recklinghausen, Ratisbona, Reutlingen, Schwäbisch-Gmünd, Stuttgart, Tübingen, Ulm, WuppertalDK (5)Aalborg, Aarhus, Frederiksberg, Copenhague, OdenseGB (3)Londres, Oxford, NorwichIT (42)Roma, Milán, Livorno, Pisa, Módena, Nápoles, Palermo, Parma, Pavía, Pisa, Regggio Emilia, Rimini, Torino, Trento, Varese, Verona, Lodi, Lucca, Montove, Mezzocorona, Mondovi, Nichelino, Novara, Novi Ligure, Orbassano, Perugia, Piacenza, Prato, Ravenna......................NL (13)Ámsterdam, Breda, Delft, La Haya, Eindhoven, Leiden, Maastrich, Rijswijk, Rotterdam, Hertogenbosch, Schiedam, Tiburg, UtrechNO (3)Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim,SE (6)Estocolmo, Gotemburgo, Helsinburg, Lund, Malmo, MolndalFRParis: Testing in 2012
London CC
• From 22 km2, to 41.5 km2
2.6% of the Greater London area.
GB £10 per day if paid bymidnight on the day of travel and £12 if paid by the end of the followingday. Failure to pay results in a fine of £120.
Exempt: Euro 5, electric and plug‐in hybrid vehicles
The impact on air quality has been studied and was unable to identify a clear effect
Gestión de aparcamiento publico
Matriculas pares‐impares
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT SUN MON
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 01 02/01/2017
‐35%‐13%
020000400006000080000
100000120000140000160000180000
‐43%
‐17%
N of cars in the largest central Madrid area 9‐21h
Average NO2/SO2 in 8 air quality monitorig sites in the largest central Madrid 9‐21 h
Austria – fugitive dust• Handling of material (e.g., humidifying of materials and irrigation)• Optimization of the handling of materials (e.g., recycling at the site)• Protection against wind erosion• Encapsulation of stored material• Emission reduction for construction site traffic (e.g., low speed limits for
unpaved roads, cleaning of tires and irrigation of roads)• Low‐emission machinery (e.g., diesel particle filters and electric• machinery)• Training of personnel
Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung, Graz, Austria (2009).
Austria – road dust
• Dust suppressants: – Ca‐Mg acetate (CMA)– CaCl2, MgCl2– Polymers, resins and bitumens
CMA is a 25% acetate solution with de‐icer and particle binder properties
37
Road dust Mitigation tests
Aldrin et al., 2008
Norman and Johansson, 2006
Reuter, 2010
Barratt et al, 2012
Finland Alps Norway Sweden Germany UK South EU
Washing 40%weekly
??
CMA 20-30%daily
35%daily
NO effect 40% only at industrial
site
??
MgCl2 30%daily
??
CaCl2 40%daily
??
39
Type of pavement
• Granite pavement was found to be more prone (70% higher) to PM10 production compared to the quartzite pavements (Gustafsson et al., 2009).
• Total wear of a pavement normally decreases with increasing aggregate size.
• Conditions of pavement are also important: fresh abrasion particle emissions from pavements in good condition are quite low. (Gehrig et al., 2010).
• Open porous asphalt– Generally used for noise reduction and reduce runoff
– Can retain particles better than dense structures– Encouraging results in Sweden (http://www.slb.nu/elvf/) and Switzerland (Gehrig et al., 2010)
40
En Barcelona• Planes de Calidad del aire
– Plan AIRE (Ministerio Medio Ambiente)– Pla de Millora de la qualitat del aire (GenCat)– Medidas a escala municipal
1. Mesures sobre el trànsit rodat
2. Mesures sobre sector agropecuari:2.1. Emissions d'amoníac2.2. Combustió de biomassa2.3. Pols agrícola
3. Mesures sobre sector construcció2.1. Pols en obra2.2. Transport de materials2.3. Emissions de vehicles i maquinaria2.4. Emmagatzemant materials i demolició
4. Mesures sobre la industria
5. Mesures portuàries
6. Mesures aeroportuàries
7. Domèstic & residencial
Bases cientifico-tecnicas para el Plan AIRE
SINERGIES
• Les dues estratègies aconseguiran reduir emissions de contaminants• Conscienciació social més ecològica
INTERFERÈNCIES
Qualitat aire sobre clima• Reduir NOX y PM del trànsit pot implicar incrementar CO2 i / o CH4 (ej. regeneració filtres de partícules, gas natural,...)• Reduir SO2 pot implicar increment CO2 (dessulfuració gasos combustió)
Clima sobre calidad del aire• Reduir CO2 del trànsit por implicar incrementar NO2 y PM (ej. subvenció motors diesel para reduir CO2)• Bio ‐ combustibles per fixar C, pot incrementar emissions NOx• Afavorir utilització biomassa per fixar C pot implicar increment emissions de carboni negre (BC, PAH,...).
Major percepció i interès social per el tema climàtic, ha suposat demanda de algunes mesures climàtiques sense coordinació amb qualitat de l’aire!!
SINERGIES I INTERFERÈNCIES AMB ESTRATÈGIES CLIMÀTIQUES
Bases cientifico-tecnicas para el Plan AIRE
El caso de Barcelona
Malla ortogonal bus (30% reduccion km)
Flota autobuses: 1065• 411 Gas natural• 460 SCRT®• 22 Hibridos nuevos• 31 Retrofit hybrid diesel ( fuel savings of 25–30%).• 3 Electricos
Flota de Servicios publicos• Euro I y II remplazados por Euro IV, Euro V, EEV o con filtros de particulas CRT. • Euro III todos con filtros de particulas
El caso de Barcelona
Taxi:• 11% hybrid in 2012 (1141 over 10,523 in total). 6% are compressed natural gas‐
fuelled, • 6% are LPG‐fuelled. • 83% of the taxis are Euro IV and Euro V.
Otros• Extension of the bus and metro network: the metro network was extended by a
total of 17 km and new bus service put into operation;• Building of park and ride facilities close to railway stations: the number of spaces
was increased from 19,850 to 30,333;• Public bicycle sharing program ‘bicing’: 6000 units were deployed across the city,
with a total of 52,000 daily users;• Extension of cycle lanes: from 128.9 km in 2006 to 181.5 km in 2011
Desde 2007, centrales termicas de gas natural en lugar de fuel oil.
El caso de Barcelona
96% de sistema de calefacción domestica por gas natural
El caso de Barcelona
GAS NATURAL
Country NG Vehicles Refuelling stationsPakistan 2790000 2997Argentina 2288161 1931Brazil 1753762 1792
Italy 823000 1022Germany 96349 915France 13538 344Spain 3781 78
The Gas Vehicle Report, November 2013
Wang et al., 1998 ES&T
GAS NATURAL
Pais Zona Medida
Francia Paris Matriculas alternadas
Suecia Gotemburg,Lund, Malmoe, Stoccolma
Low emissionzones (LEZ)
UK Londres Congestioncharge (10 pounds)
Todas regiones Low emissionzones (LEZ)
Italia Roma Zona a trafficolimitato
GAS NATURAL
Vehículos a GN están exentos a las limitaciones de movilidad urbana
Re‐think our cities
• carriles bici (más km, más anchas, más lejos de la calzada)
• Increase green and pedestrian areas
• Situación de sitios vulnerabels(hositales, parques infantiles, escuelas, centros de dia)
Super‐illasEl caso de Barcelona
Espacios verdes en Barcelona
Dadvand et al., 2015
http://airuse.eu/wp‐content/uploads/2013/11/04_B2_PM‐Speciation‐and‐source‐apportionment.pdf
Medidas sugeridas para Barcelona (1/2)
Medidas sugeridas para Barcelona (2/2)
http://airuse.eu/wp‐content/uploads/2013/11/04_B2_PM‐Speciation‐and‐source‐apportionment.pdf
Muchas gracias por su atención!
Geoquímica y calidad del aire
Sunyer et al., 2015 PLOS
IF: 14.4
Estudio piloto de mejora de CA en colegios
• 2 colegios
PAU VILA (fondo) VILA OLIMPICA (trafico)
Air purifiers in Gyms
F7GRS2HEPA H14
F7 (certificado EN 779:2012),H14 (certificado NTP 989:2013) GRS2 (certificado EN 1822:2010)
PM2.5
NO2
Carbono negroPAU VILA
Indoor
Particulas ultrafinas
Number size distribution
VOCs
PureAir
PureAir
Fuentes de PM2.5 en escuelas
Amato et al, 2014 (STOTEN)
Dust suppression in unpaved playgrounds with water flushing/aspersion
PAU VILA (background school)
Methods:• Daily samples
PM10 • PM chemistry
(24h)• 1 GRIMM 1.108• CO/CO2
Water flow: 0.8 L m‐2
Once a day (at 7:00)Twice a day (at 9:00 and 13:00)
At the playgroundand at onecontrol site (PalauReial)
Mejoras en arenas• Seleccionar arenas ricas en cuarzo en la fracción <63 µm• controles periodicos de calidad.• Extender las tareas de mantenimiento (renovación y desinfectacion) a los
patios de colegios, donde no suelen llevarse a cabo, a pesar de su gran uso y exposición de los alumnos.
• Realizar un riego periodico por aspersion que aproximadamente 1 L/m2 ya que esto permite reducir en un 25% las concentraciones de PM10 diario durante el día de aspersión.
Muchas gracias por su atención!